A Banach space theoretical characterization of abelian C *algebras among all C * -algebras is given. As an application, it is shown that if A and B are C * -algebras (nonlinearly) isomorphic to each other with respect to the structure of Birkhoff-James orthogonality, and if either A or B is abelian, then they are * -isomorphic. Moreover, it is pointed out that the same kind of characterization is not valid for preduals of abelian von Neumann algebras.