On the coding of spatial information

Mandler, Jean M.; Seegmiller, Dale; Day, Jeanne D.

doi:10.3758/bf03209185

Cited by 158 publications

(123 citation statements)

References 10 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

101

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…In all of the encoding conditions in the present study, memory for position was above chance. This finding has been reported by many others, even by those who did not find unambiguous evidence for automaticity per se (e.g., Mandler et al, 1977;Von Wright et al, 1975). The fact that subjects remembered position at nonchance levels without attempting to actively encode it indicates that, although position memory is not automatic, it is information that is particularly easy to remember.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 51%

“…There is little support for the notion that spatial memory does not change with age, as a number of authors have reported age-related changes (Mandler, Seegmiller, & Day, 1977;Perlmutter, Metzger, Nezworski, & Miller, 1981;Von Wright, Gebhard, & Kartunnen, 1975). However, there is evidence that intentionality to learn spatial material does not facilitate retention of the material, thus confirming a second criterion for automatic processing.…”

Section: Is There Evidence For Automaticprocessing Of Spatial and Colmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Is there evidence for automatic processing of spatial and color attributes present in pictures and words?

Park

Mason

1982

Memory & Cognition

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The current experiment studies evidence for automatic processing of color and spatial dimensions present in matched pictures and words. Subjects studied four lists of either line drawings or matched words that varied in color (red or green) and position (left or right side), under one of four encoding conditions. Subjects were instructed to encode (1) only the item, (2) the item and its color, (3) the item and its position, or (4) the item and both color and position. All subjects participated in an unexpected final recognition task in which item recognition and recall for both attributes, regardless of original encoding instructions, we:re examined. Color memory appeared to be effortful for both pictures and words, as it was at chance level unless subjects were specifically instructed to encode the information. Position was most poorly recalled when subjects attended only to item information, but memory for this dimension was well above chance in all encoding conditions. The position of the line drawings was better recalled than the position of the words. The implications of these results for Hasher and Zacks ' (1979)model of automatic processea is discussed.

show abstract

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 51%

Section: Is There Evidence For Automaticprocessing Of Spatial and Colmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is there evidence for automatic processing of spatial and color attributes present in pictures and words?

Park

Mason

1982

Memory & Cognition

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Two studies, one by Mandler, Seegmiller, and Day (1977) and the other by Herman, Kolker, and Shaw (1982), actually claimed no effect of intention when using a true incidental learning condition. The results of these studies, however, present several problems.…”

Section: Effects Of Intentionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recognition memory of spatial location information: Another failure to support automaticity

Naveh–Benjamin

1988

Memory & Cognition

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Hasher and Zacks (1979) claimed that spatial location information is automatically encoded. Evaluation of the empirical basis for this claim, however, casts doubt on some of the evidence for the automaticity position. This evaluation led to four experiments in which five criteria for testing the automaticity of cognitive processes were examined using a recognition task. Results of these experiments clearly show that recognition memory for spatial location information is influenced by intention, age of subjects, competing task loads, practice, and individual differences. The reported results, which extend those reported by Naveh-Benjamin (1987) for spatial location recall memory, are at odds with the claim that memory for spatial location information is exclusively mediated by automatic encoding processes. The concept of automaticity and the appropriateness of the criteria suggested for testing the automaticity of cognitive processes are discussed in light of the current results and recent findings on other features ofthe environment (e.g., frequency of occurrence) previously claimed to be automatically encoded.Many studies in recent years have been conducted to identify automatic processes in cognition and to specify the details of their operation. Hasher and Zacks (1979) and their colleagues have argued that some basic operating characteristics of the information processing system support the inevitable memory encoding of some fundamental aspects of experience. Among them are frequency of occurrence, spatial location, and temporal order information. According to these researchers, these aspects continually register in memory at an optimal level.Hasher and Zacks (1979) suggested six criteria that must be jointly satisfied to establish that a process, aspect, or attribute of experience is automatically encoded. According to these criteria, encoding of frequency, temporal order, and spatial location information should not be affected by intention, age, and simultaneous processing demands, or by practice and individual differences. The aspect of the environment most studied for its automaticity is the frequency with which events occur. Hasher and Zacks, among others, have amassed evidence about all the above-mentioned criteria for frequency coding. As a result, until recently, the claim for the automaticity of encoding frequency of occurrence seemed to have solid support .Two other aspects of the environment-spatial location and temporal order information-were thought to be en-I would like to thankEynat Cohen and Orly Hochwald for their help in data collection and analysis. I would also like to thank Robert R. Greene, Mary Joscelyn, Denise C. Park, and an anonymous reviewer for their comments on an earlier draft of the manuscript. Requests for reprints should be addressed to Moshe Naveh-Benjamin, Department of Behavioral Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84120, Israel.coded automatically, although they were not as thoroughly investigated as frequency of occurrence. Although Hash...

show abstract

“…Schumann-Hengsteler, Demmel e Seitz (1992) mostraram que há pouca mudança qualitativa entre crianças de 5 e 10 anos na habilidade para desempenhar tarefas que exigem o rascunho viso-espacial quando tais tarefas não variam em termos de complexidade (ver também, Hitch et al, 1988;. Embora pelo menos um estudo (Mandler, Seegmiller, & Day, 1977) não tenha mostrado diferenças claras entre crianças e adultos, outros estudos têm mostrado padrões desenvolvimentais em crianças (Park & James, 1983) e mudanças entre infância e idade adulta (von Wright, Gebhard, & Karttunen, 1975). Outros ainda mostraram que os adultos tiveram um desempenho melhor que as pessoas idosas em tarefas de memória para localização espacial (e.g., Light & Zelinski, 1983;Park, Puglisi, & Lutz, 1982;ver também Pezdek, 1983).…”

unclassified

Memória de trabalho viso-espacial em crianças de 7 a 12 anos

Lopes

Galera

2005

Estud. psicol. (Natal)

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

ResumoO objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os mecanismos de processamento da informação viso-espacial em crianças. Setenta e oito crianças participaram do experimento em que foram manipulados os fatores idade, posição espacial, similaridade visual e cor dos estímulos memorizados. Os resultados mostraram que todos os fatores principais alcançaram significância estatística. As crianças mais velhas tiveram uma freqüência de acertos maior que as crianças mais novas. Os estímulos dos conjuntos com similaridade baixa foram mais bem recordados que os estímulos com similaridade alta. A taxa de recordação foi melhor nas provas em que as letras de um conjunto foram todas apresentadas com a mesma cor, assim como a porcentagem de respostas corretas variou de forma significativa em função da posição espacial dos estímulos. Os resultados foram interpretados de acordo com modelos que enfatizam aspectos do desenvolvimento de estratégias cognitivas ao longo do desenvolvimento humano, especialmente o modelo de memória de trabalho.Palavras-chave: memória de trabalho; memória viso-espacial; memória fonológica; desenvolvimento humano Abstract Visuo-spatial working memory in 7-12 year old children. This study aimed to evaluate the mechanisms of visual-spatial memory in children. Seventy eight children took part in an experiment with four factors: children's age, stimuli spatial position, stimuli visual similarity, stimuli set color. The results have shown that all main factors are statistically meaningful. The oldest children presented a better performance than the youngest ones. Stimuli set formed by low similarity letters were better recollected than the stimuli set formed by high similarity letters. The recall of the spatial position of letters was better in trials where the letters of a set were presented in the same color. The percentage of correct recall changed meaningfully as a function of the spatial position in which the target had been presented. The results were interpreted according to models that emphasize aspects of development of cognitive strategies along with the human development, especially the working memory model. Keywords: working memory; visuo-spatial memory; phonological memory; human development A preocupação em determinar a forma pela qual a informação visual é representada na memória tem ensejado inúmeras discussões e proposições de modelos de processamento da informação, bem como de modelos de armazenamento e recuperação da informação na memória. Um dos modelos mais promissores é aquele denominado working memory (memória de trabalho), proposto por Baddeley e Hitch (1974; para revisões, ver Baddeley, 1986 para revisões, ver Baddeley, , 1992 para revisões, ver Baddeley, , 1994 para revisões, ver Baddeley, , 2000. Esse modelo tem focalizado o funcionamento cognitivo, incluindo atividades como pensamento, solução de problemas e memória, bem como atividades relacionadas ao processamento da linguagem, tais como compreensão e leitura (Stoltzfus, Hasher, & Zacks, 1996). O modelo de memória de trabalho amplio...

show abstract

On the coding of spatial information

Cited by 158 publications

References 10 publications

Is there evidence for automatic processing of spatial and color attributes present in pictures and words?

Is there evidence for automatic processing of spatial and color attributes present in pictures and words?

Recognition memory of spatial location information: Another failure to support automaticity

Memória de trabalho viso-espacial em crianças de 7 a 12 anos

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About