On the chemical potential of nanoparticle dispersion

Universal relation between the density and the viscosity of dispersions of nanoparticles and stabilized emulsions

“…, where the indices stand for a constant temperature and pressure and 𝑔 is the free energy of dispersion of the nanoparticles in the fluid. This is not equal to the standard free energy of mixing of blends or binary liquids, but is newly derived for dispersions and suspensions in [36]:…”

“…where 𝑉 is the volume of one nanoparticle, 𝜉 ≡ −2 ∆ is the nanoparticle-fluid interaction parameter, with 𝑧 the coordination number (number of nearest lattice neighbours for both the solvent and particles), 𝑘 Boltzmann's constant and ∆𝑤 = 𝜀 − 𝜀 + 𝜀 the difference in interaction energy between like and unlike neighbours, with 𝜀 , 𝜀 and 𝜀 , respectively, the particle-fluid, particle-particle and fluid-fluid interaction energies (more information is given in [36]). The minus sign in the expression of the 𝜉 parameter indicates that for nanofluid dispersions to be stable, this suggests an exothermic enthalpy of mixing [37].…”

Thermally Methanol Oxidation via the Mn1@Co3O4(111) Facet: Non-CO Reaction Pathway

“… Respectively, the reaction energy ( ΔE ) and the energy barrier ( E a ) were defined by the formula ΔE = E (P) – E ( R) and E a = E (TS) – E (R). The chemical potential μ (SAC) was described as μ (SAC) = [ E (SAC) – n (O) μ (O) – n (Co3O4) μ (Co3O4) ] – [ E (Co3O4) + μ (Mn) ]. , The electron localization function (ELF) was derived from ELF = (1 + χ σ 2 ) −1 . More computational details are supplied in the Supporting Information.…”

“…( 38 ) The chemical potential μ (SAC) was described as μ (SAC) = [ E (SAC) – n (O) μ (O) – n (Co3O4) μ (Co3O4) ] – [ E (Co3O4) + μ (Mn) ]. 39 , 40 The electron localization function (ELF) 41 was derived from ELF = (1 + χ σ 2 ) −1 . More computational details are supplied in the Supporting Information .…”

In vitro dissolution considerations associated with nano drug delivery systems

“…Dissolution lifetime is the time required for the largest particles in the polydisperse NP population to completely dissolve (Utembe et al, 2015). The dissolution rate constant can be obtained by two methods: (i) thermodynamic approach involves calculations of Gibbs free energy (G) (for the system comprising of NPs, dissolved material and solvent) as the function of particle size (Hellmann & Tisserand, 2006; Machrafi, 2020; Tang, 2005), and (ii) graphical approach uses linear plots of integrated rate laws (e.g., zero order, first order, Higuchi square root law, Weibull model, etc. ).…”