On The Ch'ing Tributary System

Fairbank, John К.; Teng, S. Y.

doi:10.2307/2718006

Cited by 168 publications

(28 citation statements)

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“…Thus, it is more accurate to say that the currently remaining texts of Ch'oe Ch'iwŏn's memorials to the throne are seven from the Anthology of Korean Literary Works in Chinese and two from Samguk sagi a total of nine. 16 The year in which the memorials were written, their sender, recipient, the first sentence of these documents, etc. are detailed in Table 1.…”

Section: Diplomatic Documents Between Silla and Tangmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silla’s Perception of the International World Order as Seen through Diplomatic Documents

Heejoon¹

2019

Int J Korean Hist

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Section: Diplomatic Documents Between Silla and Tangmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silla’s Perception of the International World Order as Seen through Diplomatic Documents

Heejoon¹

2019

Int J Korean Hist

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“…However, disagreements persist on how steeply hierarchical it was, on the form that hierarchy took, and on why the system persisted. 8 The canonical account among historians, found in Fairbank and Têng (1941) and elaborated in Fairbank (1968b), describes a 'tributary system'. 9 Therein, a central Chinese state held hierarchical superiority over a surrounding group of tribute paying subordinates, including Korea, Vietnam, sometimes Japan, and others.…”

Section: Empires and Other Hierarchiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rethinking the IR theory of empire in late imperial China

MacKay

2014

International Relations of the Asia-Pacific

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International relations scholars have recently taken increased interest in empire. However, research has often focused on European colonial empires. This article aims to evaluate imperialism in a non-Western historical setting: Late Imperial China. The article first compares extant international relations (IR) accounts of empire (one broad and one narrow) to theories of the East Asian hierarchical international system. Second, to further specify analysis, I evaluate IR theories of empire against the historical record of the Ming and Qing dynasties, addressing Chinese relations with surrounding 'tributary' states, conquered imperial possessions, and other neighboring polities. I argue that while IR theories of empire capture much of the region's historical politics, they nonetheless underspecify it. Theories of East Asian hierarchy suggest additional mechanisms at work. The historical cases suggest extensive variation in how empires expand and consolidate. I conclude that there is room for further theory building about empire in IR and suggest possible areas of emphasis.International Relations of the Asia-Pacific

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“…The ceremonial presentation of foreigners to the court and the practice of the three kneelings and nine knockings (the kowtow as it is better known) was a central part of ritual procedures at court, and in 1793 Lord Macartney led an embassy on behalf of King George III in which this played a central role. This particular trip has been examined by numerous scholars, including, among others, Pritchard (1943), Fairbank and Teng (1941), Peyrefitte (1989), andZhu (1989).…”

Section: Three Emperors and Ritual: Hongwu Jiajing And Qianlongmentioning

confidence: 99%

State Ritual in Late Imperial China

Pidhainy

2009

Religion Compass

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Until recently scholars have tended to view the Chinese imperial tradition from a human-centred perspective. However, in the last two decades, the importance of ritual and state religion in imperial China has become better appreciated and more fully explored. This article focuses on research of late imperial China, from the tenth century to the beginning of the twentieth century, with a particular focus on the last two dynasties: the Ming (1368 -1643) and Qing (1644 -1911). This article is divided into four sections: a definition of Chinese ritual and its essential texts; its relationship to other religious ritual systems (Buddhism, Daoism and folk religions); an examination of three central reign periods: Hongwu (Zhu Yuanzhang, reign 1368-1398), Jiajing (Zhu Houcong, reign 1521-1567), and Qianlong (Hongli, reign 1735 -1796); and the aesthetics of state ritual, including literature, art history and music.8 Ihor Pidhainy

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On The Ch'ing Tributary System

Cited by 168 publications

References 0 publications

Silla’s Perception of the International World Order as Seen through Diplomatic Documents

Silla’s Perception of the International World Order as Seen through Diplomatic Documents

Rethinking the IR theory of empire in late imperial China

State Ritual in Late Imperial China

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