On the causation of pelvic inflammatory disease

Keith, Louis; Berger, Gary S.; Edelman, David A.; Newton, Warren P.; Fullan, Neil; Bailey, Robert C.; Friberg, Jan

doi:10.1016/0002-9378(84)90201-1

Cited by 76 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…These modes of spread are uncommon, but should be considered when recurrent infection is a problem. 107 Trichomonas infection is also associated with complications, including abnormal Pap tests 40 and PID. 108 Abnormal Pap tests are more frequent, however, in patients with bacterial vaginosis.…”

Section: Trichomonas Vaginitis Pathologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Any of these regimens results in a cure rate of 86% to 97% when the sexual partner is treated concurrently, as recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 107,[114][115][116][117] The FDA has approved a 375-mg dose orally twice a day for 7 days, as serum levels are similar to the 250-mg regimen three times a day. 96 However, the single-dose regimen is preferable for maximizing patient compliance.…”

Section: Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation and management of vaginitis

1998

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V aginitis is a common medical problem in women that is associated with substantial discomfort and frequent medical visits. Roughly 5 to 10 million office visits per year are attributed to vaginitis. 1 Research in recent years has increased our understanding of the disease process and its potential sequelae and resulted in improved diagnostic and treatment modalities. 2-6 Nevertheless, adequate diagnosis and treatment of vaginitis in the office setting often is problematic for practitioners. 2,5,7-9 Moreover, the availability of over-the-counter medications for fungal vaginitis has increased the likelihood that women will come to medical attention with partially or inadequately treated infections. 10 We will focus on the common infectious causes of vaginal discharge-yeast infection, bacterial vaginosis, and trichomonas infection, emphasizing new developments in diagnosis, associated complications, and treatment of these infections.The initial evaluation of vaginal discharge requires an understanding of physiologic vaginal discharge and what differentiates it from abnormal, pathologic discharge. Substances from the vulvar, sebaceous, sweat, Bartholin's and Skene's glands, as well as exfoliated cells, cervical mucus, and secretions of the endometrial cavity and fallopian tubes constitute the normal physiologic secretions of the vagina. These secretions pool in the posterior fornix and do not adhere to the vaginal walls. 11 The pH of normal vaginal secretions in women of childbearing age is between 3.8 and 4.5. The presence of sperm, blood, amniotic fluid, or cervical mucus raises the vaginal pH. 11 The amount and fluidity of the discharge can vary over the menstrual cycle. Cervical mucus becomes more fluid around ovulation, and women frequently mistake this change in consistency for an abnormal discharge. Stress increases the rate of vaginal desquamation and thus the amount of discharge, which patients can also mistake for a pathologic discharge. 12 Women generally do not have other symptoms if their discharge is physiologic.In contrast, a pathologic discharge adheres to the vaginal walls and is often accompanied by irritation, pruritus, odor, or urinary symptoms such as dysuria or frequency. 6 The discharge can be thick to watery and frothy, and white to yellow, gray, or green. 11 Causes of an abnormal discharge include infectious causes of vaginitis such as yeast infection, bacterial vaginosis, and trichomonas infection, as well as cervicitis and sexually transmitted diseases such as gonorrhea and chlamydia infection. Noninfectious etiologies include chemical irritants such

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Section: Trichomonas Vaginitis Pathologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation and management of vaginitis

1998

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“…PID olgularÝnda farklÝ etyolojik ve epidemiyolojik faktšrler arasÝnda olgumuza benzer ßekilde dŸßŸk sosyokŸl-tŸrel seviye, cinsel partner sayÝsÝ ve cinsel ilißki sÝklÝÛÝnÝn yŸksek olmasÝ šnemli risk faktšrleri olarak kabul edilmekte, oral kontraseptif kullanÝmÝnÝn koruyucu etkisinden bahsedilmektedir (5,6,8,9). Pelvik inflamatuar hastalÝk uzun yÝllardan beri tartÝßÝlan bir antite olmasÝna karßÝn son yayÝnlarda sendrom olarak deÛerlendirilme anlayÝßÝ yerleßmektedir ve bileßenleri arasÝnda alt abdominal bšlgede aÛrÝ, bilateral adneksiyal hassasiyet, serviks muayenesinde hassasiyet, ek bir hastalÝÛÝn olmamasÝ minimum bulgular arasÝnda sayÝlmaktadÝr (1,2,5,6).…”

Section: Tartiþmaunclassified

Atipik Klinik Prezantasyonlu Pelvik İnflamatuar Hastalık Olgusu

Türkmen¹,

Eren²,

Fedakar³

et al. 2004

Bull Leg Med

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…ZETPelvik inflamatuar hastalÝk (PID) olgularÝnÝn klinik a•Ýdan ge• tanÝnmasÝ mortalite ve morbidite a•ÝsÝndan šnemli sorunlar yaratmasÝ nedeni ile medikolegal a•Ýdan incelenmesini de gerekli kÝlmaktadÝr. Olgumuzu PID olgularÝnda sessiz klinik ile gidißin komplikasyonlarÝ Ÿzerinde durarak litaratŸr ile birlikte tartÝßmayÝ ama•lamaktayÝz. Olgumuz 38 yaßÝnda hastaneye uzun sŸredir devam eden nonspesifik kal•a ve bel aÛrÝlarÝ i•in baßvu-ran ve antienflamatuar tedavi gšrŸp en son yapÝlan aÛrÝ kesici ve anfienflamatuar enjeksiyondan sonra ani bir ßekilde šlen bir kadÝndÝr. DÝß muayenesinde saÛ ingunal dÝß yan ve saÛ uyluk Ÿst i• bšlŸmŸnde sarÝ yeßil renkte ekimoz alanlarÝ dÝßÝnda belirgin herhangi bir bulgu saptanmadÝ. Otopside akciÛerlerde konjesyon, batÝnda perihepatik ve perisplenik alanda gri yeßil renkte membranlar, karaciÛer ve dalak kapsŸllerinde fibršz kalÝnlaßmalar, saÛ over ve tubanÝn pelvis duvarÝna yapÝßÝk, Douglas boßluÛunda kolleksiyon olduÛu izlendi. Mikroskopik incelemede kalpte konjesyon, akciÛerlerde hiperemi, karaciÛerde baÛ dokusu artÝßÝ, parankim hŸcrelerinde yer yer nekroz, kšp-rŸleßme nekrozlarÝ, tuba uterina duvarÝnda ve omentumda yer yer folikŸl olußturan iltihabi hŸcre infiltrasyonu bulgularÝ gš-rŸldŸ. Laboratuar incelemelerinde ise herhangi bir šzellik saptanmadÝ. …lŸmŸn pelvik inflamatuar hastalÝÛa baÛlÝ gelißen hepatit, abse formasyonu ve peritonit sonucu meydana geldiÛi rapor edildi.Anahtar kelimeler: Pelvik inflamatuar hastalÝk, šlŸm, otopsi. SUMMARYPelvic inflamatory disease (PID) should be investigated on the aspect of clinically and medicolegally, since in clinical practice delayed diagnosis of these cases expose serious morbidity and mortality problems. In this study we aimed to underline complications and silent clinical course of PID case with literature review. Our case was 38 years old woman died in hospital where was treated for her nonspesific chronic hypocondriac and lumbar pain with antiflamatuary agents. Family history showed that victim had multiple sexual partners. On external examination there was yellow green colored bruise on right outer lateral and left inner aspects of inguinal region. On macroscopic examination lung congestion grayish green membranes in perisplenic and perihepatic areas, fibrous thickening of hepatic and splenic capsules, tuboovarian abses formation, yellowish fluid collection in Douglas pouch and tuba. On microscopic evaluation cardiac congestion, lung hyperemia, liver fibrosis, paranchymal cell, bridging necroses, lymphositic infiltration with follicle formation on tuba uterina wall and omentum. In toxicologic study no substance was detected. Finally death was declared as hepatitis, pelvic abses formation and peritonitis due to pelvic inflamatory disease.

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“…9 Prominent cytoplasmic vacuolation of tumor cells in GISTs have been reported and may be misinterpreted as cells of mucin-producing adenocarcinoma. 10 The other common mimics are smooth muscle and peripheral nerve sheath tumors and, rarely, melanoma. Inclusion of antibodies in the ICC panel known to be expressed by these tumors in the differential diagnosis, such as CK for carcinomas; desmin and SMA for smooth muscle neoplasms; S-100 protein for nerve sheath tumors; and S-100 protein, HMB45 and melan-A for melanoma is usually necessary to establish a definitive diagnosis.…”

Section: An Unusual Protozoon As a Contaminant In A Sputum Smearmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4,5 Sexually transmitted microorganisms, such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 6 T mycoplasma, 7 Chlamydia trachomatis 8 and Escherichia coli, 9 attaching to human spermatozoa and their role in ascending infections in the female genital tract, resulting in pelvic inflammatory diseases and infertility, have been reported. 10 Trichomonads may also serve as a vector for bacterial pathogens that attach to its surface. 11 In addition, they may be destructive to spermatozoa by phagocytosing them.…”

Section: Letters To the Editorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Letters To The Editors

2006

Acta Cytologica

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On the causation of pelvic inflammatory disease

Cited by 76 publications

References 41 publications

Evaluation and management of vaginitis

Evaluation and management of vaginitis

Atipik Klinik Prezantasyonlu Pelvik İnflamatuar Hastalık Olgusu

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