On the calculation of sugar concentration in flower nectar

Bolten, Alan B.; Feinsinger, Peter; Baker, Herbert G.; Baker, Irene

doi:10.1007/bf00377434

Cited by 267 publications

(148 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…A concentração de açúcares no néctar foi medida com auxílio de refratômetro manual (Atago HSR 500, Japan, 0-90%) e o volume com microseringa (Hamilton, Nevada, USA, 50 µL). A concentração de açucares no néctar foi transformada em gramas para cálculo da produção de açúcar (Bolten et al 1979).…”

Section: Methodsunclassified

Espécies de Vanhouttea Lem. e Sinningia Nees (Gesneriaceae) polinizadas por beija-flores: interações relacionadas ao hábitat da planta e ao néctar

Sanmartin-Gajardo¹,

Sazima²

2005

Rev. bras. Bot.

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-(Species of Vanhouttea Lem. and Sinningia Nees (Gesneriaceae) pollinated by hummingbirds: interactions related with plant habitat and nectar). Hummingbird pollination was suggested for Sinningia and Vanhouttea species based on floral features. However, there is still a lack of information about pollination biology. Here we report observations about floral biology and hummingbird-pollination of three Vanhouttea and three Sinningia species. The flowers are tubular, red and scentless. The pairwise comparison of corolla size results in two groups formed by: V. hilariana, V. brueggeri and S. gigantifolia which have bigger corollas than those of V. calcarata, S. cochlearis, and S. tuberosa. The nectar volume secreted during 24 hours by Vanhouttea species (21.8 ± 13.2 µL) was higher than that of Sinningia species (6.3 ± 5.7 µL). As well, the sugar amount produced by Vanhouttea species (6.1 ± 3.9 mg) was higher than that produced by Sinningia species (1.8 ± 1.6 mg). These differences on nectar production may be correlated with the distinct size of nectar glands in both genera. The hummingbirds Clytolaema rubricauda, Leucochloris albicollis, Stephanoxis lalandi (Trochilinae), Phaethornis eurynome and P. pretrei (Phaethornithinae) were the main pollinators of Vanhouttea and Sinningia species. The group of hummingbird pollinators (Trochilinae or Phaethornithinae) seems to be determined by the habitat of each plant species, while the frequency of visits seems to be mainly determined by nectar features.Key words -frequency of visits, Gesneriaceae, hummingbirds, nectar, Sinningieae RESUMO -(Espécies de VanhoutteaLem. e Sinningia Nees (Gesneriaceae) polinizadas por beija-flores: interações relacionadas ao hábitat da planta e ao néctar). Com base nas características florais tem sido inferida a polinização por beija-flores na maioria das espécies de Sinningia e Vanhouttea, entretanto, informações detalhadas sobre a biologia da polinização são restritas a poucas espécies. Neste estudo são apresentadas as observações sobre a biologia da polinização e as espécies de beija-flores polinizadores, relacionando as características do néctar com o comportamento desses beija-flores em três espécies de Vanhouttea e três de Sinningia. As flores são tubulosas, avermelhadas e inodoras. Em relação ao tamanho da corola estas espécies formam dois grupos morfológicos, sendo as corolas em V. hilariana, V. brueggeri e S. gigantifolia significativamente maiores que em V. calcarata, S. cochlearis e S. tuberosa. O volume de néctar secretado durante 24 horas pelas espécies de Vanhouttea (21,8 ± 13,2 µL) é maior que nas espécies de Sinningia (6,3 ± 5,7 µL). Assim também, a quantidade de açúcares produzida pelas espécies de Vanhouttea é mais alta (6,1 ± 3,9 mg) e difere significativamente das espécies de Sinningia (1,8 ± 1,6 mg). Estas diferenças nas características do néctar podem estar relacionadas com a variação do tamanho das glândulas nectaríferas entre os dois gêneros. Cinco espécies de beija-flores, Leucochloris albicollis, Stephanoxis la...

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Section: Methodsunclassified

Espécies de Vanhouttea Lem. e Sinningia Nees (Gesneriaceae) polinizadas por beija-flores: interações relacionadas ao hábitat da planta e ao néctar

Sanmartin-Gajardo¹,

Sazima²

2005

Rev. bras. Bot.

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“…Thus each bat was experimentally naïve on first confrontation with the feeder array. Starting on day·2, they were released individually to feed at the array, where each feeder gave a single reward on the first visit (10·µl of 17% wt/wt; Bolten et al, 1979, containing sucrose, fructose and glucose in equal parts as typical for nectar from bat pollinated flowers; Baker and Baker, 1990). Bats spontaneously probed feeders on their first visit to the array and readily alternated between cage and feeder array.…”

Section: Subjects and Experimental Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Foraging in a complex naturalistic environment: capacity of spatial working memory in flower bats

Winter

Stich

2005

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Memory systems have evolved under selection pressures, such as the need to remember the locations of resources or past events within spatiotemporally dynamic natural environments. The full repertoire of complex behaviours exhibited by animals in dynamic surroundings are, however, difficult to elicit within simply structured laboratory environments. We have developed a computercontrolled naturalistic environment with 64 feeders for simulating dynamic patterns of water or food resource availability (depletion and replenishment) within the laboratory. The combination of feeder and cage remote control permits the automated transfer of animals between cage and test arena and, therefore, high experimental throughput and minimal disturbance to the animals (bats and mice). In the present study, we investigated spatial working memory in nectar-feeding bats (Glossophaga soricina, Phyllostomidae) collecting food from a 64-feeder array. Feeders gave only single rewards within trials so that efficient foraging required bats to avoid depleted locations. Initially, bats tended to revisit feeders (win-stay), but within three trials changed towards a win-shift strategy. The significant avoidance of revisits could not be explained by algorithmic search guiding movement through the array nor by scent cues left by the bats themselves and, thus, the data suggest that bats remembered spatial locations depleted of food. An examination of the recency effect on spatial working memory after bats shifted to a win-shift strategy indicated that bats held more than 40 behaviour actions (feeder visits) in working memory without indication of decay. This result surpasses previous findings for other taxa.Supplementary material available online at

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“…The volume of nectar present in each of the marked flowers was measured between 0800 and 0900 h each day using a 5 µl micropipette until flowers no longer secreted nectar. The percent sucrose equivalent of the nectar (g solute per 100 g solution) was determined using a refractometer in conjunction with the July nectar volumes (Bolten et al, 1979). Variation in the volume and sucrose concentration of nectar produced between plants, treatments and days was compared using analysis of variance after the data underwent log transformation to improve normality.…”

Section: Field Nectar Secretion Patternsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrastructure and Function of Floral Nectaries ofChamelaucium uncinatum(Myrtaceae)

1996

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Nectar is secreted for up to 11 d after anthesis in Chamelaucium uncinatum. The volume and sucrose concentration secreted varies between flowers, plants and days. The period of nectar secretion coincides with the period of pollen presentation and stigmatic receptivity suggesting nectar is part of an efficient reproductive strategy in C. uncinatum. The nectary of C. uncinatum consists of the entire upper surface of the ovary and hypanthium. The epidermis of the nectary is covered by a thickened cuticle which is only broken at the sites of the numerous modified stomata which are scattered across its surface. It is suggested that nectar is secreted onto the surface of the ovary via these modified stomata. The presence of extensive and well developed endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and Golgi bodies in the nectar secreting cells indicates that a granulocrine mechanism of secretion is occurring in C. uncinatum.# 1996 Annals of Botany Company

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On the calculation of sugar concentration in flower nectar

Cited by 267 publications

References 9 publications

Espécies de Vanhouttea Lem. e Sinningia Nees (Gesneriaceae) polinizadas por beija-flores: interações relacionadas ao hábitat da planta e ao néctar

Espécies de Vanhouttea Lem. e Sinningia Nees (Gesneriaceae) polinizadas por beija-flores: interações relacionadas ao hábitat da planta e ao néctar

Foraging in a complex naturalistic environment: capacity of spatial working memory in flower bats

Ultrastructure and Function of Floral Nectaries ofChamelaucium uncinatum(Myrtaceae)

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