T)he science of astronomy is, perhaps, more than any other which can be named of the whole circle, the very science of which a popular display may most successfully be aided by the ornamental arts. Music, painting, sculpture, may be called in as auxiliaries, with powerful effect, and manifest benefit; a tasteful introduction of poetry may be deemed almost essential to success; and we would undertake that Urania need not disdain the co-operation of Terpsichore herself. (Horace Wellbeloved 1826) Never was a medium of demonstration produced as instructive as this, never one more fascinating in effect, and never one which appeals to everybody as this does. It is a school, theatre and film all in one, a lecture hall under the vault of the heavens, and a spectacle in which the celestial bodies are actors. (Elis Strömgren, 1925, quoted in Walter Villiger 1931 If you had visited Paris, Barcelona, London, New York or Berlin in the nineteenth century, it is quite probable that on an evening out you might have attended an astronomy performance. It was, increasingly, a time for mass involvement in science. Public demonstrations and lectures in academic venues and observatories, in public spaces, theatres and opera were widely available to urban publics. These events were often intermedial shows combining theatrical modalities with optical instruments, mechanical devices, moving transparent paintings and magic lantern slides. The shows mingled heavenly and earthly concerns, delivering cosmological narratives that also thematised the place of man, progress and technology in a rapidly evolving world. As with many other shows of the nineteenth and early twentieth century such as wax museums, panoramas or international exhibitions, the distinction between sensational entertainment and scientific demonstration was often difficult to draw and prompted debates. The appeal of astronomical spectacles did not wane in the twentieth century, they merely took new forms when the first dome-shaped projection planetariums began appearing in German cities in the 1920s. The new modern theatres of the stars were greeted with awe and reverence, and to this day they testify to the vivid public appetite for both myth and progress. In these venues audiences engaged with science, technology and the world; modernity negotiated the contradictions of its own times. This collection of essays was prepared by a research network that goes under the name of PARS/Performing Astronomy Research Society (www.parsnetwork.org). This initiative brings together an international group of researchers from the human, social and exact sciences as well as artists, visual technicians and planetarium professionals to investigate the history,