On the biomechanics of the shoulder complex

Engin, Ali Erkan

doi:10.1016/0021-9290(80)90058-5

Cited by 73 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…18 The shoulder requires a stable base and a wide movement range, which is maintained by various groups of muscles including the teres major, pectoralis major, and deltoid. 15 Load perturbations to the elbow in normal subjects produce multijoint responses that have been attributed to activation of muscles acting about the elbow and shoulder joints. 26 The biceps, in particular, may play an important role, since cadaver studies suggest that it can provide stability to the shoulder, particularly in the anterior direction.…”

Section: Reflex Coupling As Part Of a Motor Control Strategymentioning

confidence: 99%

Multijoint reflexes of the stroke arm: Neural coupling of the elbow and shoulder

et al. 2007

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The reflex torque responses of the elbow and shoulder to constant velocity angular extensions of the full comfortable range of the spastic elbow were measured in 16 people with unilateral stroke and 6 neurologically intact controls in order to identify the interjoint reflex coupling that occurs after stroke. The resulting responses showed a substantial reflex torque at the elbow and shoulder in subjects with stroke, with 12 of the 16 subjects producing adduction of the shoulder in response to passive extension of the elbow. The presence of simultaneous shoulder flexion torque with elbow flexion torque and with an identical waveform indicated an active role of biarticular elbow/shoulder flexors, such as the biceps. As the biceps muscle produces a shoulder abduction moment, shoulder adduction produced during elbow extension was thought to be associated with neural rather than biomechanical coupling. These results suggest that spasticity in people with stroke is more complex than its traditional perception as a hyperexcitable stretch reflex, and includes potent heteronymous reflex pathways. The reflex coupling observed between the shoulder and elbow should be considered in the diagnosis and clinical management of spasticity. The potential impact of this reflex on the coordination of volitional arm movements will be examined in future studies.

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Section: Reflex Coupling As Part Of a Motor Control Strategymentioning

confidence: 99%

Multijoint reflexes of the stroke arm: Neural coupling of the elbow and shoulder

et al. 2007

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“…The choice of muscles for this study was based both on clinical hypotheses of normal and abnormal development of stabilization (Shambes, 1976;Stockmeyer, 1967; McFarland, Note 2) and EMG studies of upper extremity muscle function (Basmajian, 1979;DeFreitus, Vitti & Furlani, 1980;Engin, 1980;Inman, Saunders & Abbott, 1944;Kamon, 1966). The relative contribution of eight muscles were assessed in a pilot study and, on the basis of the results, the following four muscles were chosen for this study: upper and middle fibers of trapezius, pectoralis major and serratus anterior.…”

Section: Drawing Linesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proximal and Distal Function in Children with and without Sensory Integrative Dysfunction: An E.M.G. Study

Wilson

Trombly

1984

Can J Occup Ther

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Proximal shoulder muscle activity was studied in normal children and children with sensory integrative dysfunction (n = 16), using electromyography. The data revealed significant differences between the groups in the amount of muscle activity produced during pencil tasks demanding movement and control of the distal part of the extremity, and during static weight bearing and developmental postures. No significant correlations were found between the degree of skill in distal control tasks and the amount of activity of proximal stabilizer muscles. This finding presents a challenge to the therapeutic premise that distal control is dependent on proximal stability. Implications for treatment of children with sensory integrative dysfunction, and for further research, are discussed.

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“…The lack of data for comparing scapular position of primates of different locomotor groups is partly due to the difficulty in quantifying scapular orientation. The primate shoulder girdle is notoriously difficult to study because the clavicle and the scapula are highly mobile and bear different relationships to each other depending on the position of the arm [Inman et al, 1944;Engin, 1980;Zuckerman and Matsen, 1989;Larson, 1993].…”

Section: Hominoids and Lorinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scapular Position in Primates

Chan¹

2006

IJFP

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Scapular position affects shoulder mobility, which plays an important role in the upper limb adaptations in primates. However, currently available data on scapular position are unsatisfactory because of the failure to simultaneously consider the relative dimensions of all the three skeletal elements of the shoulder girdle, i.e. the clavicle, the scapula and the thorax. In the present study, the clavicular length and the scapular spine length were measured on preserved cadavers, and the dorsoventral thoracic diameter was measured on scaled radiographs of a wide range of primates, permitting a quantitative comparison of scapular position among primates. It was found that arboreal monkeys have a more dorsally situated scapula than terrestrial ones, but the same difference was not found between terrestrial and arboreal prosimians. Hominoids were found to have the most dorsally situated scapula. Contrary to the slow climbing theory of hominoid evolution, which tries to explain most postcranial specializations of hominoids as adaptations for slow climbing, the scapulae of slow-climbing lorines and Alouatta are much less dorsal than those of the hominoids.

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On the biomechanics of the shoulder complex

Cited by 73 publications

References 5 publications

Multijoint reflexes of the stroke arm: Neural coupling of the elbow and shoulder

Multijoint reflexes of the stroke arm: Neural coupling of the elbow and shoulder

Proximal and Distal Function in Children with and without Sensory Integrative Dysfunction: An E.M.G. Study

Scapular Position in Primates

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