On the benefit of magnetic magnesium nanocarrier in cardiovascular toxicity of aluminum phosphide

Abstract

The present study was designed to determine the effect of a new (25)Mg(2+)-carrying nanoparticle ((25)MgPMC16) on energy depletion, oxidative stress, and electrocardiographic (ECG) parameters on heart tissue of the rats poisoned by aluminum phosphide (AlP). (25)MgPMC16 at doses of 0.025, 0.05, and 0.1 median lethal dose (LD50 = 896 mg/kg) was administered intravenously (iv) 30 min after a single intragastric administration of AlP (0.25 LD50). Sodium bicarbonate (Bicarb; 2 mEq/kg, iv) was used as the standard therapy. After anesthesia, the animals were rapidly connected to an electronic cardiovascular monitoring device for monitoring of ECG, blood pressure (BP), and heart rate (HR). Later lipid peroxidation, antioxidant power, ATP/ADP ratio, and Mg concentration in the heart were evaluated. Results indicated that after AlP administration, BP and HR decreased while R-R duration increased. (25)MgPMC16 significantly increased the BP and HR at all doses used. We found a considerable increase in antioxidant power, Mg level in the plasma and the heart and a reduction in lipid peroxidation and ADP/ATP ratio at various doses of (25)MgPMC16, but (25)MgPMC16-0.025 + Bicarb was the most effective combination therapy. The results of this study support that (25)MgPMC16 can increase heart energy by active transport of Mg inside the cardiac cells.(25)MgPMC16 seems ameliorating AlP-induced toxicity and cardiac failure necessitating further studies.

Molecular and biochemical evidences on the protective effects of triiodothyronine against phosphine-induced cardiac and mitochondrial toxicity

“…of AlP was calculated according to Probit analysis (12 mg/kg) and was used for induction of cardiac toxicity and related events [6,32].…”

A Systematic Review of Aluminium Phosphide Poisoning

“…Norepinephrine or phenylephrine, dopamine, and dobutamine can be used to treat hypotension and refractory shock, while anti-arrhythmic agents, DC cardioversion, and temporary pacemaker should address the arrhythmia. Intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) is a good way to mechanically support the heart, especially in toxic myocarditis with refractory shock (84). Trimetazidine has also proven itself effective recently in stopping ventricular ectopic beats and preserving oxidative metabolism (67).…”

Chemical Reaction between Boric Acid and Phosphine Indicates Boric Acid as an Antidote for Aluminium Phosphide Poisoning

“…2,3 Many reports have proposed experimental or individual case treatments for A1P poisoning, including digoxin; N-acetylcysteine; hyperbaric oxygen; magnesium ( 25 Mg 2+ )-carrying nanoparticles; intragastric irrigation with sweet almond oil; a combination of vitamin C and methylene blue; extensive gastric lavage with coconut oil and a sodium bicarbonate solution with simultaneous aspiration; perfusion with an intraaortic balloon pump; Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester; a combination of atropine and pralidoxime; and trimetazidine. [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] However, no specific antidote has yet been found for the routine treatment of AlP poisoning and unfortunately most people who are poisoned do not survive. [2][3][4] Recently, boric acid has been theoretically proposed as an antidote for AlP poisoning.…”

“…This greatly reduced production of gas may be due to the surface chemistry of AlP tablets and may also explain why reduced mortality and fewer systemic effects have been reported among individuals who have ingested fragmented or powdered forms of AlP. 2,27,28 In nearly all animal studies, the AlP tablet is administered by gastric gavage in powdered form in a carrier such as peanut oil, almond oil or normal saline; 15,16,29 this method of poisoning may therefore be incorrect because fragmentation or powdering interferes with PH 3 gas evolution. Thus, examining oral AlP poisoning in animal studies is very difficult; instead, it is recommended that the animals be poisoned by PH 3 gas.…”