On the applicability of advanced model-based strategies to control of electrified vehicle thermal systems

Nonlinear optimal control of heat pumps in electric vehicles

“…Parameter d 1 stands for the linearization error in the heat pump-based EV thermal management system that was given previously in Eq. (36). The reference setpoints for the state vector of the aforementioned dynamic model are denoted by…”

“…One can distinguish primarily the use of NMPC techniques for heat pump-based thermal management systems of EVs [31][32][33][34][35]. These results are complemented by model-based and model-free control methods for the thermal management system of EVs and the improved exploitation of the heat from the vehicles' batteries [36][37][38].…”