“…The dynamic topography spectra that we obtained (Figure 7) are comparable to those derived by recent inversions of present-day mantle structures (Yang & Gurnis, 2016) to simultaneously fit the long-wavelength geoid, free-air gravity anomalies, gravity gradients, and residual topography point data (Hoggard et al, 2016), and of a high-resolution upper mantle tomography model (Steinberger et al, 2017). More recently, Steinberger et al (2017) used a crustal model to estimate present-day continental residual topography and also found a limited degree-2 residual topography amplitude. The discrepancy between numerical models of dynamic topography and observation-derived present-day dynamic topography remains debated (e.g., Hoggard et al, 2017Hoggard et al, , 2016Molnar et al, 2015;Steinberger et al, 2017;Watkins & Conrad, 2018;Yang & Gurnis, 2016;Yang et al, 2017).…”