On the alleged expansion in volume of various substances in passing by refrigeration from the state of liquid fusion to that of solidification

Abstract

The fact that water expands in becoming ice, and that the latter thus floats upon the water, can scarcely have escaped the observation or inference of the acute intellects of a remote antiquity. Its conditions, when more carefully examined in modem times, pointed out the strange and, as it has been called, anomalous fact that water can be cooled 7° or 8° below its freezing-point without becoming solid, and that between its maximum density at about 39° Fahr. and its freezing-point at 32° Fahr., or within the narrow range of 7° Fahr., it expands in the large ratio of 915:1000.

Extended Method of Volume Change Measurements during Solidification of Lamellar Graphite Iron

“…A long-time known feature that represents the solidification well on macro level is the volume change. Volume change measurement has a longer history than thermal analysis determinations [25,26]. Solidification has already been studied with this method, before the application of the ancestor of the modern thermo-electric pyrometer [27][28][29].…”