On the Aggregation of Ice Crystals to Form Snow

Hosler, Charles L.; Jensen, D. C.; Goldshlak, Leon

doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1957)014<0415:otaoic>2.0.co;2

Cited by 99 publications

(61 citation statements)

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“…It should be noted that in Hosler and Halgren's experiments the size of the ice crystals in the airstream were only 7-18 µm in diameter, which probably ruled out any branching growth on the ice crystals, and rendered particle interlocking as an effective aggregation mechanism to be less important. The findings of Hosler and Halgren (1960) seem somewhat contradictory to earlier work (Hosler et al, 1957) where the force required to separate two ice "spheres" and its…”

Section: P J Connolly Et Al: Aggregation Of Ice Crystalscontrasting

confidence: 96%

“…Hosler et al (1957) clearly showed that this force was a monotonically decreasing function of the temperature below the melting point of ice -no maximum at −15 • C was evident. Furthermore they showed that the measured force increases dramatically when the vapour pressure in the air surrounding the ice spheres approaches ice saturated conditions, which suggests that ice growth between the two ice spheres strengthened the ice "neck" between the spheres at the point of contact.…”

Section: P J Connolly Et Al: Aggregation Of Ice Crystals 2057mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A laboratory investigation into the aggregation efficiency of small ice crystals

2012

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Abstract. The aggregation of ice crystals and its temperature dependence is studied in the laboratory using a large ice cloud chamber. This process is important to the evolution of ice clouds in earth's atmosphere, yet there have been relatively few laboratory studies quantifying this parameter and its dependence on temperature. A detailed microphysical model is used to interpret the results from the experiments and derive best estimates for the aggregation efficiency as well as error bars. Our best estimates for the aggregation efficiency, at temperatures other than −15 • C, (in the interval −30 ≤ T ≤ 5 • C) are mostly in agreement with previous findings, which were derived using a very different approach to that described here. While the errors associated with such experiments are reasonably large, statistically, at temperatures other than −15, we are able to rule out aggregation efficiencies larger than 0.5 at the 75th percentile and rule out nonzero values at −15 • C, whereas at −15 • C we can rule out values higher than 0.85 and values lower than 0.35. The values of the aggregation efficiency shown here may be used in model studies of aggregation, but care must be taken that they only apply for the initial stages of aggregate growth, with humidities at or close to water saturation, and for particles up to a maximum size of ∼500 µm. They may therefore find useful application for modelling supercooled mid-level layer clouds that contain ice crystals, which are known to be important radiatively.

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Section: P J Connolly Et Al: Aggregation Of Ice Crystalscontrasting

confidence: 96%

Section: P J Connolly Et Al: Aggregation Of Ice Crystals 2057mentioning

confidence: 99%

A laboratory investigation into the aggregation efficiency of small ice crystals

2012

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“…In an early indirect study, motivated by the question of the aggregation of snowflakes, Hosler et al ͑1957͒ performed the same type of experiment as did Faraday and quantified the force required to pull ice spheres apart: from 10 to 3330 N as the temperature rose from −26°C to T m at equilibrium vapor pressure ͑see their Table I͒. However, the surface melting of pure, wellordered ice surfaces at equilibrium in clean environments is limited to a span of only a few degrees below T m .…”

Section: A Vapor Surface Of Ice: Surface Meltingsupporting

confidence: 90%

The physics of premelted ice and its geophysical consequences

2006

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The surface of ice exhibits the swath of phase-transition phenomena common to all materials and as such it acts as an ideal test bed of both theory and experiment. It is readily available, transparent, optically birefringent, and probing it in the laboratory does not require cryogenics or ultrahigh vacuum apparatus. Systematic study reveals the range of critical phenomena, equilibrium and nonequilibrium phase-transitions, and, most relevant to this review, premelting, that are traditionally studied in more simply bound solids. While this makes investigation of ice as a material appealing from the perspective of the physicist, its ubiquity and importance in the natural environment also make ice compelling to a broad range of disciplines in the Earth and planetary sciences. In this review we describe the physics of the premelting of ice and its relationship with the behavior of other materials more familiar to the condensed-matter community. A number of the many tendrils of the basic phenomena as they play out on land, in the oceans, and throughout the atmosphere and biosphere are developed.

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“…Studies by Nakaya andMatsumoto ( 1953, 1954), Hosier and others ( 1957), HosIer and Hallgren ( 1961 ), and others have demonstrated conclusively that adhesion of ice to ice occurs at temperatures below those at which pressure melting is likely to be effective. These workers found that adhesion is a sensitive function of temperature, surface contamination and relative humidity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Possible Importance of Electrical Forces in the Development of Snow Cornices

Latham

Montagne

1970

J. Glaciol.

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ABSTRACT. M eas urements were m a d e of the ver t ica l electri c field str ength around snow corni ces on Bridger Ridge (2590 m a.s. l. ) in t he Bridger R a nge, south-western Montana . T he fi elds were consid erably enha nced, owing to the exposed pos ition of the cornices, but were nevertheless a pprecia bly lower t ha n t hose shown b y La tham a nd Sa und ers ( 1970[ b)) to be necessary in ord er to p rov ide sig ni fica n t addi t iona l bonding when ice cr ystals collide wi th a n ice surface. H owever, m easurements made o n Bridger Ri dge a nd neighbouring Ba ngta il Ridge showed tha t th e cha rges ca rried on snow crysta ls sa lta ting over the surfa ce of corni ces were close to their limiting va lues.R o ugh calcul a ti ons indi cated tha t p ressure m elting is unlikely to be of importa nce in the d evel opment o f snow corni ces formed from gra nul a r crysta ls, t ha t fri cti ona l melting is proba bl y signifi ca nt onl y at fa irl y low tem pera tu res a nd m od erately hi gh w ind velociti es, a nd tha t strong elec trosta ti c forces bet ween highl y cha rged snow cr ysta ls sa ltating over th e surface of a corni ce may be su ffic ien t to p rov id e bonding w here t he cr ysta l velociti es a re compa ra ti vely low. R ESUME . i mporlallce possible des jJhillomelles ilectriques dans le diveloppemelll des cO/niches. O n a m esure le3 c hamps electri q ues verti ca ux a utour d e corni ches d e neige sur le Bridger Ridge (a lti t ude 2 590 m ) da ns la cha in e d e Br idger d a ns le Sud Ouest du M onta na. Les cha mps eta ien t consid era bl ement exagen:es pa r la situa tion ex posee d es cOl'niches, ma is resterent nea nmo ins sensiblem ent inferi eurs a ux va leurs qui son t necessa ires, com m e I'ont mo ntre La tha m et Sa un d ers ( 1970 [b] ), pour provoqu er un e lia ison suppl em enta ire sig ni fica ti ve lorsque les crista ux d e g lace r enco nt rent la surface. Cependant d es mes ures fa ites sur le Bridger Ridge et a u voisin age du Ba ngta il Ridge ont mon tre q ue les cha rges portees pa r les crista u x d e neige en sa ltation sur la su rface d es corniches eta ient tou t pr"s d e leur va leur limite. D es calcul s a pprox imatifs in d iquent que la fu sion pa r pression ne j oue proba bl ement pas un ro le im por ta nt dans le devel oppem ent d es corni ches d e neige form ees d e cri sta ux spheriq ues, qu e la fusion pa r fri cti on ne joue vra isembla bl em ent un ro le signifi catif q ue pa r basses temperatures et par vitesses d e ven ts e levees, et qu e les importantes forces electrostat iqu es en t re les crista ux d e neige en sa ltation fortem ent cha rges sur la surface de la cOl'ni che peuvent suflir 11 expliquer leur fi xation sur la face so us le ven t d e la crete prin cipa le, Oll les vitesses des cristaux sera compa rativemen t fa ible.ZUSAM MENFASSUNG . Die mogliche Bedeulung elektrischer Krafte bei deT Elllslehung von /lVachlen. M essungen der vertika len elekt rischen Feldsta rke w urd en a n Wachten a m Bridger Ri dge (2 590 m ) in d er Bridger R a...

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On the Aggregation of Ice Crystals to Form Snow

Cited by 99 publications

References 0 publications

A laboratory investigation into the aggregation efficiency of small ice crystals

A laboratory investigation into the aggregation efficiency of small ice crystals

The physics of premelted ice and its geophysical consequences

The Possible Importance of Electrical Forces in the Development of Snow Cornices

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