On-Street Parking Occupancy Inference Based on Payment Transactions

Abstract

A record of spatial and temporal parking occupancy is critical to optimize on-street parking resources and to develop effective parking policies. Such data are often obtained through advanced and costly occupancy monitoring technologies. Moreover, it is usually challenging to integrate bay-level occupancies and parking data from other systems. Accurate occupancy-payment data are required for a wide range of analytical and practical purposes, including but not limited to investigating payment behavior, estimating and forecasting occupancy, and evaluating the efficiency and effectiveness of enforcement policies. This study proposes a metaheuristic optimization algorithm to integrate snapshots of bay-level parking occupancy, captured using simple cameras, with transactions from a conventional parking payment management system. The resulting integrated data were used to develop, calibrate and validate a parking occupancy estimation method utilizing parking payment data only. Details of the design, implementation, and validation of the proposed algorithm and modelling technique are provided. Logistic regression analysis was used to tune parameters of the data integration algorithm. Deep learning, gradient boosting and random forests were used to develop a model of parking occupancy. Evaluation of the algorithm indicated an accuracy of 76% of correct data integration; that is, individual bay occupancies integrated with the correct corresponding payment transactions. The best occupancy estimation model also showed a very high accuracy, with an R 2 above 94% and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.2 (occupied bays), when tested with a random sample from the integrated data.

Performance Evaluation of Online Smart Parking System in Jakarta

“…Mereka mewajibkan pengemudi untuk memberikan informasi sensitif selama permintaan slot parkir dan reservasi yang tersedia, misalnya identitas, tujuan, dan waktu reservasi kepada petugas parkir. Dengan informasi tersebut, petugas parkir dapat mengetahui lokasi yang dikunjungi pengemudi, aktivitas sehari-hari, dan pola hidup seperti alamat tempat kerja, kondisi kesehatan, tingkat pendapatan, dan lain-lain [15]. Akibatnya informasi ini dapat dijual ke perusahaan asuransi dan pemasaran dampak lainnya jika pengguna sedang bepergian, penjahat bisa masuk ke rumahnya untuk mencurinya.…”