On-site Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds During Composting Treatment of Livestock and Poultry Manure by GC-MS

Gaseous Emissions from the Composting Process: Controlling Parameters and Strategies of Mitigation

“…These emissions, which include CO 2 , CH 4 , N 2 O, Sulphur compounds, and many other volatile organic compounds (VOCs), as shown in Table 1, have been detected during the different phases of the waste management [9,31]. Municipal solid waste Terpenes Alcohols, volatile fatty acids, and aromatic compounds [36] Livestock and Poultry Manure Sulfur compounds, aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons Chlorinated organic compounds [37] Municipal solid waste digestate Terpenes and oxygenated compounds Sulphur compounds and methanethiol [38] Green waste Alcohols Alkenes, aliphatic alkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, ketones, aldehydes, furans, and esters [39] Sewage sludge Isovaleraldehyde, butyric acid, sulphur compounds, and pinene Indole, skatole, and phenol [40] In the composting process, the amount of emitted gases is highly influenced by the type of treated wastes, composting technology, and operational conditions, mainly aeration, which would have a direct impact in reducing the rate of emissions, mainly N 2 O and methane, when it is properly adjusted [9]. According to Goldstein [41], the odors generated from composting plants are attributed to different compounds including terpenes, alcohols, aldehydes, fatty acids, ammonia, and a range of Sulphur compounds.…”

Analysis of volatile organic compounds in compost samples: A potential tool to determine appropriate composting time

“…Generally, longer compost times result in higher compost maturity. However, many studies have shown that large amounts of harmful gases are produced during the composting process, including nitrogen-and sulfur-based compounds, volatile fatty acids, hydrocarbons, trepans, esters, ethers, alcohols, and aldehydes/ketones (Nasini et al, 2016;Smet et al, 1999;Wang et al, 2012). Volatile organic compounds have a warming potential approximately 2000 times higher than CO 2 (Nasini et al, 2016).…”