On Security Analysis of Proof-of-Elapsed-Time (PoET)

Chen, Lin; Xu, Lei; Shah, Nolan; Gao, Zhimin; Lü, Yang; Shi, Weidong

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-69084-1_19

Cited by 240 publications

(120 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Each node in PoET generates a signed random wait time using the code executing in TEE and sleeps for that time period. The calculation of random wait time is done using the formula stated in equation 12 [118].…”

Section: Proof Of Elapsed Time (Poet)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…where MinimumWait is a fixed system parameter, LocalAverageWait is calculated using the number of active nodes in the network, and r ∈ [0, 1] is a real number derived form the hash value of the node's previous signed attestation. The more the number of active nodes in the network, the more will be the waiting time of the nodes to avoid collision [118].…”

Section: Proof Of Elapsed Time (Poet)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The test assumes that if the network has 'm' nodes, then each node has the same winning probability 'p', with the number of wins following a normal distribution N(mp, mp(1 − p)). The z-score for a node is calculated using equation 13 [118].…”

Section: Proof Of Elapsed Time (Poet)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, as the consensus depends on the SGX hardware developed by Intel, it makes Intel as the controlling authority making blockchain less decentralize. In addition, PoET is vulnerable to malicious attacks [119]. PoET is currently used by the HyperLedger Sawtooth blockchain platform [41].…”

Section: Proof Of Elapsed Time (Poet)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of Blockchain Architecture and Consensus Protocols: Use Cases, Challenges, and Solutions

Ismail¹,

Materwala²

2019

Preprint

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Over the last decade the blockchain technology has emerged to provide solutions to the complexity and privacy challenges of using distributed databases. Its adoption is motivated by cost reduction for customers. Over this time, the concept of blockchain has shifted greatly due to its potential in business growth for enterprises and the rapidly evolving applications in a collaborative smart cities ecosystem, healthcare, and governance. Many platforms, with different architectures and consensus protocols, have been introduced. Consequently, it becomes challenging for an application developer to chose the right platform. Furthermore, blockchain has misaligned with the goals for efficient green collaborative digital ecosystem. Therefore, it becomes critical to address this gap and to build new frameworks to align blockchain with those goals. In this paper, we discuss the evolution of blockchain architecture and consensus protocols, bringing a retrospective analysis and discussing the rationale of the evolution of the various architectures and protocols, as well as capturing the assumptions conducting to their development and contributions to building collaborative applications. We introduce a classification of those architectures, helping developers to chose a suitable platform for applications and providing insights for future research directions in the field in building new frameworks. blockchain architecture and consensus protocol, it becomes more and more difficult to foresee the uses and applications of blockchain, therefore compounding the difficulty in achieving the goals. In 2017, the bitcoin mining used around 30.14 TerraWatt hours (TWh) of energy, which is equivalent to energy usage of the entire Ireland in a year [3]. According to a research, the annual carbon dioxide emissions by the bitcoin network are as high as 22.9 million metric tons, almost equivalent to the amount produced by the countries like Sri Lanka and Jordan [4].Further challenges have been placed on distributed applications by the expanding industrial market growth to serve a wide number of customers. Growing business requires trust and transparency between the customers and business providers. Customers require to eliminate intermediaries to reduce transactions cost. The issues of data communication overhead with increasing number of network participants further hinders the real-time services of the developed applications. Addressing these problems of energy consumption and scalability often trades off with security, and privacy. As such, the goals of this paper are four-fold: 1) we aim to provide a temporal evolution of blockchain applications development platforms architectures and consensus protocols with a retrospective analysis to their introduction. We classify the platforms and the consensus protocols under unifying architectures, and discuss various existing and upcoming blockchain applications, 2) help developers to choose the right platform architecture for applications, 3) we evaluate the current research on the topic, blockchai...

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Section: Proof Of Elapsed Time (Poet)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Proof Of Elapsed Time (Poet)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Proof Of Elapsed Time (Poet)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Proof Of Elapsed Time (Poet)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of Blockchain Architecture and Consensus Protocols: Use Cases, Challenges, and Solutions

Ismail¹,

Materwala²

2019

Preprint

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“…Another family supports broader range of tasks (such as custom computation tasks) [9] [10] [39] [40], but relies on Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs) and Remote Attestation Protocols [41] [42] to verify that the computations are being run on a genuine platform and the results are correct. However, TEEs are not available on every platform, require users to trust hardware vendors and are susceptible to side channel attacks [43] [44].…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proof-of-Prestige: A Useful Work Reward System for Unverifiable Tasks

Król

Sonnino

Al-Bassam

et al. 2019

2019 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)

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As cryptographic tokens and altcoins are increasingly being built to serve as utility tokens, the notion of useful work consensus protocols, as opposed to number-crunching PoW consensus, is becoming ever more important. In such contexts, users get rewards from the network after they have carried out some specific task useful for the network. While in some cases the proof of some utility or service can be proved, the majority of tasks are impossible to verify. In order to deal with such cases, we design "Proof-of-Prestige" (PoP)-a reward system that can run on top of Proof-of-Stake blockchains. PoP introduces "prestige" which is a volatile resource and, in contrast to coins, regenerates over time. Prestige can be gained by performing useful work, spent when benefiting from services and directly translates to users minting power. PoP is resistant against Sybil and Collude attacks and can be used to reward workers for completing unverifiable tasks, while keeping the system free for the endusers. We use two exemplar use-cases to showcase the usefulness of PoP and we build a simulator to assess the cryptoeconomic behaviour of the system in terms of prestige transfer between nodes.• Section III presents Proof-of-Prestige (PoP), a novel type

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