On routes and multicast trees in the Internet

Pansiot, Jean‐Jacques; Grad, Dominique

doi:10.1145/280549.280555

Cited by 164 publications

(132 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…On the router level, according to relatively poor data from 1995 [5,106], the Internet consisted of 3888 vertices and 5012 edges, with the average degree equal to 2.57 and the maximal degree equal to 39. The degree distribution of this network was fitted by a power-law dependence with the exponent, γ ≈ 2.5.…”

Section: Structure Of the Internetmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of networks

Dorogovtsev¹,

Mendes²

2002

Advances in Physics

2,594

1,850

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We review the recent fast progress in statistical physics of evolving networks. Interest has focused mainly on the structural properties of random complex networks in communications, biology, social sciences and economics. A number of giant artificial networks of such a kind came into existence recently. This opens a wide field for the study of their topology, evolution, and complex processes occurring in them. Such networks possess a rich set of scaling properties. A number of them are scale-free and show striking resilience against random breakdowns. In spite of large sizes of these networks, the distances between most their vertices are short -a feature known as the "smallworld" effect. We discuss how growing networks self-organize into scale-free structures and the role of the mechanism of preferential linking. We consider the topological and structural properties of evolving networks, and percolation in these networks. We present a number of models demonstrating the main features of evolving networks and discuss current approaches for their simulation and analytical study. Applications of the general results to particular networks in Nature are discussed. We demonstrate the generic connections of the network growth processes with the general problems of non-equilibrium physics, econophysics, evolutionary biology, etc. CONTENTS

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Section: Structure Of the Internetmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of networks

Dorogovtsev¹,

Mendes²

2002

Advances in Physics

2,594

1,850

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“…This reduction improves the scalability of the protocol. Note that, this result is in agreement with the results presented in [6,11], which reports that close to 70% of the nodes in a tree are non-branch nodes and only function as traffic relay nodes.…”

Section: Evaluating Large Scale Deployment Of Menusupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Firstly, the scalability of any protocol which stores state in the core of the network may be poor. Secondly, research findings [6,11] have shown that close to 70% of nodes in multicast trees have average an fanout degree of 2 and only function as traffic relay nodes, i.e. performing vanilla packet forwarding as in conventional IP.…”

Section: Menu Protocol Conceptmentioning

confidence: 99%

MENU: multicast emulation using netlets and unicast

Dharmalingam

Collier

Second IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference, 2005. CCNC. 2005

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Abstract-High-end networking applications such as Internet TV and software distribution have generated a demand for multicast protocols to be an integral part of the network. This will allow such applications to support data dissemination to large groups of users in a scalable and reliable manner. Existing IP multicast protocols lack these features and also require state storage in the core of the network which can be costly to implement.In this paper, we present a new multicast protocol referred to as MENU. MENU realises a scalable and a reliable multicast protocol model by pushing the tree building complexity to the edges of the network, thereby eliminating processing and state storage in the core of the network. The MENU protocol builds multicast support in the network using mobile agent based Active Network services -Netlets, and unicast addresses. The multicast delivery tree in MENU is a two level hierarchical structure where users are partitioned into client communities based on geographical proximity. Each client community in the network is treated as a single virtual destination for traffic from the server. Netlet based services referred to as Hot Spot Delegates (HSDs) are deployed by servers at "hot spots" close to each client community. They function as virtual traffic destinations for the traffic from the server and also act as virtual source nodes for all users in the community. The source node feeds data to these distributed HSDs which in turn forward data to all downstream users through a locally constructed traffic delivery tree. It is shown through simulations that the resulting system provides an efficient means to incrementally build a source customisable secured multicast protocol which is both scalable and reliable. Furthermore, results show that MENU employs minimal processing and reduced state information in networks when compared to existing IP multicast protocols.

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“…Measurement points are deployed on the PlanetLab testbed and the network is daily probed (traceroute probing). The obtained data is then postprocessed in order to provide finer grained information, such as router level topology (the alias resolution techniques used are DNS based [6] and address-based [29], [30]), IPto-AS mapping, IP-to-PoP mapping, bandwidth estimation, etc. Discarte [31] is an example of a new scalable probing technique that relies on existing techniques.…”

Section: Disconnected Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Topology Discovery at the Router Level: A New Hybrid Tool Targeting ISP Networks

Marchetta

Mérindol²,

Donnet

et al. 2011

IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun.

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Abstract-For a long time, traceroute measurements combined with alias resolution methods have been the sole way to collect Internet router level maps. Recently, a new approach has been introduced with the use of a multicast management tool, mrinfo, and a recursive probing scheme. In this paper, after analyzing advantages and drawbacks of probing approaches based on traceroute and mrinfo, we propose a hybrid discovery tool, MERLIN (MEasure the Router Level of the INternet), mixing mrinfo and traceroute probes. Using a central server controlling a set of distributed vantage points in order to increase the exploration coverage while limiting the probing redundancy, the purpose of MERLIN is to provide an accurate router level map inside a targeted Autonomous System (AS). MERLIN also takes advantage of alias resolution methods to reconnect scattered multicast components. To evaluate the performance of MERLIN, we report experimental results describing its efficiency in topology exploration and reconstruction of several ASes.

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On routes and multicast trees in the Internet

Cited by 164 publications

References 5 publications

Evolution of networks

Evolution of networks

MENU: multicast emulation using netlets and unicast

Topology Discovery at the Router Level: A New Hybrid Tool Targeting ISP Networks

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