“…Graded afferent signals were then recorded from the agonist muscle's innervation nerve during closed-loop functional electrical stimulation of the antagonist, demonstrating the capacity of the AMI to provide natural proprioceptive feedback. In another murine study, we demonstrated that a functional AMI could be constructed from small denervated and devascularized muscle grafts placed in the vicinity of transected motor nerves (40). A caprine experiment further validated that the principles demonstrated in (39) are scalable to larger animal models (41).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 82%
“…Research is already underway to explore construction of AMIs at other amputation levels, as well as in the upper extremity. A recent study demonstrated the potential to leverage regenerative capabilities of nerve and muscle tissue in the construction of AMIs in settings where distal tissues are no longer available, such as traumatic amputations or revisions to existing amputations (40). It is worth noting that, even with these advancements, the implementation of the AMI may not be appropriate in patients requiring amputation due to advanced peripheral vascular disease.…”
Humans can precisely sense the position, speed, and torque of their body parts. This sense is known as proprioception and is essential to human motor control. Although there have been many attempts to create humanmechatronic interactions, there is still no robust, repeatable methodology to reflect proprioceptive information from a synthetic device onto the nervous system. To address this shortcoming, we present an agonist-antagonist myoneural interface (AMI). The AMI is composed of (i) a surgical construct made up of two muscle-tendons-an agonist and an antagonist-surgically connected in series so that contraction of one muscle stretches the other and (ii) a bidirectional efferent-afferent neural control architecture. The AMI preserves the dynamic muscle relationships that exist within native anatomy, thereby allowing proprioceptive signals from mechanoreceptors within both muscles to be communicated to the central nervous system. We surgically constructed two AMIs within the residual limb of a subject with a transtibial amputation. Each AMI sends control signals to one joint of a two-degreeof-freedom ankle-foot prosthesis and provides proprioceptive information pertaining to the movement of that joint. The AMI subject displayed improved control over the prosthesis compared to a group of four subjects having traditional amputation. We also show natural reflexive behaviors during stair ambulation in the AMI subject that do not appear in the cohort of subjects with traditional amputation. In addition, we demonstrate a system for closed-loop joint torque control in AMI subjects. These results provide a framework for integrating bionic systems with human physiology.
“…Graded afferent signals were then recorded from the agonist muscle's innervation nerve during closed-loop functional electrical stimulation of the antagonist, demonstrating the capacity of the AMI to provide natural proprioceptive feedback. In another murine study, we demonstrated that a functional AMI could be constructed from small denervated and devascularized muscle grafts placed in the vicinity of transected motor nerves (40). A caprine experiment further validated that the principles demonstrated in (39) are scalable to larger animal models (41).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 82%
“…Research is already underway to explore construction of AMIs at other amputation levels, as well as in the upper extremity. A recent study demonstrated the potential to leverage regenerative capabilities of nerve and muscle tissue in the construction of AMIs in settings where distal tissues are no longer available, such as traumatic amputations or revisions to existing amputations (40). It is worth noting that, even with these advancements, the implementation of the AMI may not be appropriate in patients requiring amputation due to advanced peripheral vascular disease.…”
Humans can precisely sense the position, speed, and torque of their body parts. This sense is known as proprioception and is essential to human motor control. Although there have been many attempts to create humanmechatronic interactions, there is still no robust, repeatable methodology to reflect proprioceptive information from a synthetic device onto the nervous system. To address this shortcoming, we present an agonist-antagonist myoneural interface (AMI). The AMI is composed of (i) a surgical construct made up of two muscle-tendons-an agonist and an antagonist-surgically connected in series so that contraction of one muscle stretches the other and (ii) a bidirectional efferent-afferent neural control architecture. The AMI preserves the dynamic muscle relationships that exist within native anatomy, thereby allowing proprioceptive signals from mechanoreceptors within both muscles to be communicated to the central nervous system. We surgically constructed two AMIs within the residual limb of a subject with a transtibial amputation. Each AMI sends control signals to one joint of a two-degreeof-freedom ankle-foot prosthesis and provides proprioceptive information pertaining to the movement of that joint. The AMI subject displayed improved control over the prosthesis compared to a group of four subjects having traditional amputation. We also show natural reflexive behaviors during stair ambulation in the AMI subject that do not appear in the cohort of subjects with traditional amputation. In addition, we demonstrate a system for closed-loop joint torque control in AMI subjects. These results provide a framework for integrating bionic systems with human physiology.
“…9 Particularly, various wearable epidermal bioelectronic devices have been commercialized and routinely used for diverse clinical purposes. 10 Miniaturized implantable devices have driven breakthroughs in treatments for neurological disorders and damage including deep brain stimulation probes for Parkinson's disease [11][12][13] and essential tremors, 14 neural interfaces for robotic prostheses, [15][16][17][18] flexible electrode arrays for heart failures, 9,19,20 and closed-loop electrode arrays for spinal cord injuries. 21,22 Despite remarkable advances in the recent few decades, the intrinsic differences between biological tissues and man-made electronics pose immense challenges in materials, design, and manufacturing of the next generation bioelectronics.…”
Hydrogels have emerged as a promising bioelectronic interfacing material. This review discusses the fundamentals and recent advances in hydrogel bioelectronics.
“…Dynamic relationships within agonistâantagonist muscle pairs in a limb are also fundamental for creating a natural sensation of joint movement [ 26 ] since this connection engages the related proprioceptors. During a typical amputation procedure, muscle tissues in the residual limb are placed isometrically severing the dynamic connection between agonistâantagonist muscle pairs, which limits the ability of the muscles to provide meaningful proprioceptive feedback [ 27 ].…”
The loss of a hand can significantly affect oneâs work and social life. For many patients, an artificial limb can improve their mobility and ability to manage everyday activities, as well as provide the means to remain independent. This paper provides an extensive review of available biosensing methods to implement the control system for transradial prostheses based on the measured activity in remnant muscles. Covered techniques include electromyography, magnetomyography, electrical impedance tomography, capacitance sensing, near-infrared spectroscopy, sonomyography, optical myography, force myography, phonomyography, myokinetic control, and modern approaches to cineplasty. The paper also covers combinations of these approaches, which, in many cases, achieve better accuracy while mitigating the weaknesses of individual methods. The work is focused on the practical applicability of the approaches, and analyses present challenges associated with each technique along with their relationship with proprioceptive feedback, which is an important factor for intuitive control over the prosthetic device, especially for high dexterity prosthetic hands.
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