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ABSTRACTThis paper finds that aggregate total factor productivity in Scotland was 16% below the 'rest of the UK' in 2012. This is mainly due to negative 'non-place' effects in the service sector. It is also found that new plant start-ups and foreign-owned plants contributed negatively to TFP growth during 1997-2012. This casts doubt on whether continuing to focus on increasing the rate of new firm formation and foreign investment will result in a 'step-change' in productivity growth.