Abstract. We show that the Coxeter-sortable elements in a finite Coxeter group W are the minimal congruence-class representatives of a lattice congruence of the weak order on W. We identify this congruence as the Cambrian congruence on W, so that the Cambrian lattice is the weak order on Coxetersortable elements. These results exhibit W -Catalan combinatorics arising in the context of the lattice theory of the weak order on W.
IntroductionThe weak order on a finite Coxeter group is a lattice [3] which encodes much of the combinatorics and geometry of the Coxeter group. The weak order has been studied in the special case of the permutation lattice and in the broader generality of the poset of regions of a simplicial hyperplane arrangement. With varying levels of generality, many lattice and order properties of this lattice have been determined. (See, for example, references in [7], [9], [14], [16] and [17].) This paper continues a program, begun in [18], of applying lattice theory to gain new insights into the combinatorics and geometry of Coxeter groups. Specifically, we solidify the connection, first explored in [20], between the lattice theory of the weak order and the combinatorics of the W -Catalan numbers. These numbers count, among other things, the vertices of the (simple) generalized associahedron (a polytope which encodes the underlying structure of cluster algebras of finite type [10,11]), the W -noncrossing partitions (which provide an approach [2,6] to the geometric group theory of the Artin group associated to W ) and the sortable elements [21] of W (which we discuss below).2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. 20F55, 06B10. The author was partially supported by NSF grants DMS-0202430 and DMS-0502170. In [20], the Cambrian lattices were defined as lattice quotients of the weak order on W modulo certain congruences, identified as the join (in the lattice of congruences of the weak order) of a small list of join-irreducible congruences. Any lattice quotient of the weak order defines [19] a complete fan which coarsens the fan defined by the reflecting hyperplanes of W, and in [20] it was conjectured that the fan associated to a Cambrian lattice is combinatorially isomorphic to the normal fan of the corresponding generalized associahedron. In particular, each Cambrian lattice was conjectured to have cardinality equal to the W -Catalan number. These conjectures were proved for two infinite families of finite Coxeter groups (A n and B n ).The definition of Coxeter-sortable elements (or simply sortable elements) of W was inspired by the effort to better understand Cambrian lattices. Sortable elements were introduced in [21] and used to give a bijective proof that W -noncrossing partitions are equinumerous with vertices of the generalized associahedron. In this paper, we make explicit the essential connection between sortable elements and Cambrian lattices, proving in particular that the elements of the Cambrian lattice are counted by the W -Catalan number. The conjecture from [20] on the combinatorial ...