“…According to the regularity of shapes of participating parts, the 2D packing problem can be further divided into 2D regular (such as Figure 3) and irregular packing problems. The 2D regular packing problem includes the layout problem of regular polygons such as rectangles (Martello and Monaci, 2015;Wu et al, 2016;Wu et al, 2017;Joós, 2018;Erzin et al, 2021) and circles (George et al, 1995;Nurmela and Östergård, 1997;Huang and Xu, 1999;Wang et al, 2002;Zhang and Deng, 2005;Liu et al, 2016;Fekete et al, 2019). The 2D irregular layout problem mainly involves the layout of irregular shapes.…”