On-Orbit MTF Estimation for GF-4 Satellite Using Spatial Multisampling on a New Target

Han, Lu; Gao, Kun; Dou, Zheng; Zhu, Zhenyu; Wang, Hong; Fu, Xingke

doi:10.1109/lgrs.2019.2915159

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Consequently, by acquiring any one of LSF, PSF, or ESF, the MTF can be derived based on this established relationship [33,34]. The principal procedures for computing the MTF using the slanted-edge method [14], as applied in remote sensing imagery, are illustrated in Figure 3:…”

Section: Measurement Principles and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This rotation projects and rearranges the pixels of the slanted-edge image based on a predefined rule [10], thereby enhancing the image's sampling rate and mitigating under-sampling issues. Recognized as an indirect approach for measuring the MTF, the slanted-edge method has been successfully implemented in the in-orbit MTF measurement of satellites such as IKONOS [11,12], Orbview [13], GF-4 [14], and Quickbird [15]. The International Organization of Standards endorses this method as well (ISO12233:2023) [16], which involves analyzing a camera-captured slanted-edge target image to determine the edge spread function (ESF) [17], differentiating the ESF to acquire the line spread function (LSF), and then applying Fourier transform on the LSF and taking the modes to compute the MTF [18,19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of the Slanted-Edge Measurement Method for the Modulation Transfer Function of Remote Sensing Cameras

Yu,

Zhang,

et al. 2023

Applied Sciences

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The modulation transfer function (MTF) serves as a crucial technical index for assessing the imaging quality of remote sensing cameras, which is integral throughout their entire operational cycle. Currently, the MTF evaluation of remote sensing cameras primarily relies on the slanted-edge method. The factors influencing the slanted-edge method’s effectiveness are broadly classified into two categories: algorithmic factors and image factors. This paper innovatively comprehensively analyzes the influencing factors of the slanted-edge method and proposes an improved slanted-edge method to calculate the MTF testing method of remote sensing cameras, which is applied to the MTF testing of remote sensing cameras. Since the traditional algorithm can only be applied in the small angle situation, this paper proposes a new method of slanted-edge method test calculation based on the optimal oversampling rate (OSR) adaptive model of the slanted edge and uses simulation experiments to verify the reliability of the algorithm model through the deviation of the slanted-edge angle calculation and MTF measurement, and the results show that the algorithm improves the accuracy of the MTF measurement compared with the ISO-cos and OMINI-sine methods. Then, the effects of the slanted-edge angle, image region of interest (ROI), as well as image contrast and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) on the accuracy of the MTF calculation by the slanted-edge method were quantitatively analyzed as the constraints of the slanted-edge method test. Based on the laboratory target experiment, the algorithm flow and various influencing factors obtained in the simulation stage are verified, and the experimental results are more consistent with the various test results obtained in the simulation stage. Consequently, the slanted-edge method introduced in this paper is applicable for future remote sensing camera MTF testing. This approach offers a valuable reference for on-orbit focusing, satellite operational condition monitoring, lifespan estimation, and image restoration.

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Section: Measurement Principles and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the Slanted-Edge Measurement Method for the Modulation Transfer Function of Remote Sensing Cameras

Yu,

Zhang,

et al. 2023

Applied Sciences

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“…This highlights the importance of evaluating and monitoring the changes in on-orbit MTF of space cameras once they are in space. This process requires knowledge of the real-time atmospheric MTF [42].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive investigation of the atmospheric Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) for satellite imaging payloads: considering turbulence and aerosol effects over Tehran

Hosseini,

Khoshsima

2024

Phys. Scr.

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In the realm of remote sensing using satellite imagery, real-time and region-specific estimation of Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) is critical for assessing, designing, and selecting optimal payloads, channels, and imaging conditions. The variability of Earth's atmosphere introduces uncertainties that complicate the development of a universally applicable MTF model, particularly challenging in urban areas that are prone to aerosol pollution and heat island effects. In this research, the atmosphere of the Tehran metropolitan area, which has not been extensively studied in terms of the MTF of overflying satellites, was investigated over five days in 2021 which were selected based on data availability and to cover a variety of different conditions. A general Small Angle Approximation (SAA) method is utilized to calculate the aerosol MTF, with Boundary Layer Heights (BLH) and Aerosol Layer Heights (ALH) validated against the literature, long-term observations, numerical models, and real-time observations. The turbulence MTF is calculated using a short-exposure isotropic Kolmogorov turbulence model. The refractive index structure parameter (Cn2) is determined using the general HMNSP99 model due to the absence of an established and calibrated model for Tehran. The assumptions for the turbulence MTF model are selected to cover a wide range of practical and widely used satellites over Tehran, while the uncertainties in the radiosonde data are taken into account by employing Monte Carlo simulations to model the effective Cn2 for Tehran. The results cover the effects of varieties in aerosol layer optical properties, particle types and size distribution, as well as variations in weather conditions and atmospheric state on the MTF and offer valuable insights for optimizing satellite imaging systems in urban atmospheric conditions and set the stage for further regional studies focused on enhancing image compensation and payload design.

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“…Direct measurement methods, such as the rectangular target method [ 8 ], require the production of a series of targets with different frequencies, constantly replaces the targets during the test process, and the test results are easily affected by the phase of the targets, which is not suitable for fully automated real-time testing of MTF. Indirect measurement methods include the array of point sources method [ 9 ], the edge and pulse method [ 10 , 11 ] and the slanted-edge method [ 12 ]. The array of point sources method and the edge and pulse method have high requirements for the brightness of the light source and the accuracy of the target.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MTF Measurement by Slanted-Edge Method Based on Improved Zernike Moments

Zhang¹,

Wang²,

Wu³

et al. 2023

Sensors

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The modulation transfer function (MTF) is an important parameter for performance evaluation of optical imaging systems in photogrammetry and remote sensing; the slanted-edge method is one of the main methods for measuring MTF. To solve the problem of inaccurate edge detection by traditional methods under the conditions of noise and blur, this paper proposes a new method of MTF measurement with a slanted-edge method based on improved Zernike moments, which firstly introduces the Otsu algorithm to automatically determine the Zernike moment threshold for sub-pixel edge detection to precisely locate the edge points, then obtains LSF through edge point projection, ESF sampling point acquisition, smoothing, fitting, taking ESF curve differential and Gaussian fitting, and finally, accurately obtaining MTF by LSF Fourier transform and modulo normalization. Based on simulation experiments and outdoor target experiments, the reliability of the proposed algorithm is verified by the deviations of slanted-edge angle and MTF measurement, and the tolerance degree of edge detection to noise and ambiguity are analyzed. The results show that compared with ISO 12233, OMNI-sine method, Hough transform method and LSD method, this algorithm has the highest edge detection accuracy, the maximum tolerance of noise and ambiguity, and also improves the accuracy of MTF measurement.

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On-Orbit MTF Estimation for GF-4 Satellite Using Spatial Multisampling on a New Target

Cited by 13 publications

References 14 publications

Analysis of the Slanted-Edge Measurement Method for the Modulation Transfer Function of Remote Sensing Cameras

Analysis of the Slanted-Edge Measurement Method for the Modulation Transfer Function of Remote Sensing Cameras

Comprehensive investigation of the atmospheric Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) for satellite imaging payloads: considering turbulence and aerosol effects over Tehran

MTF Measurement by Slanted-Edge Method Based on Improved Zernike Moments

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