On‐Off Phagocytosis and Switchable Macrophage Activation Stimulated with NIR for Infected Percutaneous Tissue Repair of Polypyrrole‐Coated Sulfonated PEEK

Abstract

Intelligent control of the immune response is essential for obtaining percutaneous implants with good sterilization and tissue repair abilities. In this study, polypyrrole (Ppy) nanoparticles enveloping a 3D frame of sulfonated polyether ether ketone (SP) surface are constructed, which enhance the surface modulus and hardness of the sulfonated layer by forming a cooperative structure of simulated reinforced concrete and exhibit a superior photothermal effect. Ppy-coated SP could quickly accumulate heat on the surface by responding to 808 nm near-infrared (NIR) light, thereby killing bacteria, and destroying biofilms. Under NIR stimulation, the phagocytosis and M1 activation of macrophages cultured on Ppy-coated SP are enhanced by activating complement 3 and its receptor, CD11b. Phagocytosis and M1 activation are impaired along with abolishment of NIR stimulation in the Ppy-coated SP group, which is favorable for tissue repair. Ppy-coated SP promotes Collagen-I, vascular endothelial growth factor, connective tissue growth factor, and 𝜶-actin (Acta2) expression by inducing M2 polarization owing to its higher surface modulus. Overall, Ppy-coated SP with enhanced mechanical properties could be a good candidate for clinical percutaneous implants through on-off phagocytosis and switchable macrophage activation stimulated with NIR.

L-arginine loading porous PEEK promotes percutaneous tissue repair through macrophage orchestration

“…Therefore, it is a new idea to obtain materials with adaptive sequential macrophage polarization through metabolic reprogramming. Our previous work fabricated the polypyrrole modified surface on PEEK, which could sequentially regulate macrophage phenotype through controlling NIR stimuli [ 5 ]. In this work, L-Arg was loaded onto the porous sulfonated PEEK surface to acquire adaptively sequential macrophage phenotype regulation.…”

“…Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is an FDA-approved implant that can be used clinically as interbody fusion devices, bone implant, spinal fusion devices, etc, due to its good biocompatibility, closed elastic modulus, and corrosion resistance [ 3 ]. In our previous work, sulfonation was applied to construct a porous structure on PEEK surface, and the subsequent works verified that sulfonated PEEK could be a good drug delivery platform due to its superior stability in vivo [ [4] , [5] , [6] , [7] , [8] , [9] ]. Therefore, it is a good choice to choose PEEK as one of the candidates for percutaneous implantation.…”

Metastructure “Trap” Coating by Acoustic Confinement Effect for Antibacterial Sonothermal Therapy

“…First, a biomedical polyetheretherketone (PEEK) was employed as a substrate to construct a 3D network metastructure on PEEK, which is in accordance with our previous work. [50] The sulfonation time is 2 min (SP2), 5 min (SP5), and 15 min (SP15), respectively. The constructed SP15 porous coating exhibited excellent ATC performance.…”

Piezoelectric Nanostructured Surface for Ultrasound‐Driven Immunoregulation to Rescue Titanium Implant Infection

“…Previous studies also demonstrated that the phagocytic activity and M1 polarization of macrophages went through a transient status when physical stimulation was removed. [31,32] The activated macrophages were then challenged with S. aureus to test their phagocytic ability (Figure 4i). The bacteria were pre-labeled with pHrodo dye so that phagocytosed S. aureus inside the cells can light up green.…”