Abstract:This paper compares how Istanbul and Beirut both attempt to underline their cultural and developmental uniqueness today in contrast to a metonymic menace -Dubai, standing in for spectacular yet supposedly culture-less Gulf cities. Even amid their own speculative construction frenzies that threaten local heritage, Turkish and Lebanese city-shapers assert theirs are "real" cities because they have "civilization" and "history." By addressing their own efforts to build, defend, or oppose physical infrastructures r… Show more
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