“…This includes, for example, (1) the hidden subset problem [25][26][27][28], where the fitness only depends on a small fraction of all variables, and it is not known which variables are relevant and which ones only lead to neutral changes, (2) majority functions returning the majority bit value [29,30], (3) the moving Hamming ball benchmark [31] from dynamic optimisation where a Hamming ball around a moving target must be tracked and the fitness areas within and outside of the Hamming ball are both flat, and (4) the Plateau k function [32,33], a variant of OneMax in which the best k fitness levels are turned into a neutral region, except for the optimum at 1. However, except for [32,33] the above results either concern populations of size 1 or do not give detailed insights into the diversity of the population. The aforementioned work on Jump [22] does give insights into the population diversity as part of the analysis, however these insights are limited to the specific set of search points with n − k ones.…”