“…The major exception to this position, and a major influence on the new narrative approach, is Ricoeur (1979Ricoeur ( , 1981Ricoeur ( , 1984. 12 In psychology (Kemper 1984;Hales 1985;Bruner, 1986Bruner, , 1987Gergen and Gergen 1986;Sarbin 1986), in medicine (Williams 1984;Kleinman 1988), in psychoanalytic theory (Schafer 1981(Schafer , 1983Spence 1982), in education (Witherell and Noddings 1991), in philosophy (Maclntyre 1981, Walzer 1982, C. Taylor 1989, in political science (Hart 1989(Hart , 1990(Hart , 1991, in gender studies (Gordon 1986, Graham et al 1989, Maynes 1989, Personal Narratives Group 1989, Bell and Yalom 1990, Miller 1991, Zerilli 1991, in anthropology , Turner and Bruner 1986, Ortner 1991, and in sociology (Brown 1977, Somers 1986, Reed 1989. 13 See especially the "life stories" scholarship of Bertaux (1981), Bertaux and Kohli (1984), Freeman (1984), and L. Polanyi (1985), and Linde (1986).…”