On-line electrochemistry – MS and related techniques

Abstract

This review summarizes publications on the on-line coupling of electrochemistry with mass spectrometry. After a brief historic introduction it is divided into three parts, organized in order of increasing complexity of the experimental arrangement. The first section deals with the use of the electrospray ion source as an electrochemical reactor for oxidation or reduction reactions. It is followed by the second part which covers the hyphenation of different kinds of electrochemical flow cell with a variety of ionization interfaces. The last section focuses on the on-line coupling of chromatographic techniques with electrochemical flow cells and mass spectrometry.

Application of On-line Electrochemistry/Electrospray/Tandem Mass Spectrometry to a Quantification Method for the Antipsychotic Drug Zotepine in Human Serum

“…[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] It has also been reported that an electrochemical reaction coupled on-line to LC-MS is a promising approach in drug metabolism and protein research. [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] However, there are few reports on applications to methods for determining organic compounds in biological samples using this technique.…”

Reduction of cationic free-base meso-tris-N-methylpyridinium-4-yl porphyrins in positive mode electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

“…, it is generally accepted that redox reactions do occur in the capillary sprayers and that they are responsible for charge balance [1,2]. Redox processes in electrospray mass spectrometry were comprehensively investigated by and, more recently, electrochemical aspects and applications of electrospray ionization were the focus of reviews [9,10].Ions formed by one electron reduction from nonmetallated dicationic species in solution were previously observed in positive-mode electrospray mass spectrometry for ionic compounds such as diquaternary pyridinium salts [11-13] and free-base N-alkylpyridiniumyl porphyrin salts [14]. One-and two-electron reductions of the cations of metallated N-alkylpyridiniumyl porphyrin salts were also reported, when electrospray was used in the positive mode [15][16][17].…”

“…, it is generally accepted that redox reactions do occur in the capillary sprayers and that they are responsible for charge balance [1,2]. Redox processes in electrospray mass spectrometry were comprehensively investigated by and, more recently, electrochemical aspects and applications of electrospray ionization were the focus of reviews [9,10].…”

“…Redox processes in electrospray mass spectrometry were comprehensively investigated by Van Berkel and collaborators [4 -8] and, more recently, electrochemical aspects and applications of electrospray ionization were the focus of reviews [9,10].…”

Mass spectral behavior of the hydrolysis products of sesqui- and oxy-mustard type chemical warfare agents in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization

“…Early experiments with ESI in our laboratory failed to produce abundant molecular ions suitable for quantification and confirmation by MRM. These results were not unexpected because alcohols do not normally protonate or deprotonate extensively during the ESI or APCI°process° [35] In addition to [BHETME ϩ O 2 ] Ϫ at m/z 230, the negative ion mass spectrum of BHETME exhibited an ion at m/z 200 as well as other ions of the same m/z as those present in the mass spectrum of the analogous sesqui-mustard°hydrolysis°product°BHETM°(Table°1). Ϫ derived from BHETME.…”