On ionization in the ionospheric D-region by galactic and solar cosmic rays

Cosmic ray ionization effect in the atmosphere during the maximal GLE05 − on 23.02.1956

“…Over 50 years ago were made calculations of ionization profiles q(h) in the lower ionosphere (50-100 km) due to the penetration of relativistic SEPs during the GLE05 on February 23, 1956 [5][6][7][8][9]. In the atmosphere cosmic particles enter in electromagnetic and nuclear interactions with the substance of the air.…”

“…In the atmosphere cosmic particles enter in electromagnetic and nuclear interactions with the substance of the air. The first results for q(h) profiles [5][6][7][8][9] were obtained without accounting the nuclear interactions between the secondary cosmic ray particles and the Earth's atmosphere, which is quite acceptable for these altitudes. In the ionospheric D-region (50-100 km) the predominant interactions are the electromagnetic due to the small atmospheric depth (less than 1 g/cm 2 ) for the cosmic ray particles [7].…”

“…The GCRs create the continuous and permanent ionization in the atmosphere, and also the independent ionospheric cosmic ray layer (CR layer) at altitudes 50-80 km in the D region in the lower ionosphere [5,[7][8][9]]. Yet in [5,7] are made some calculations of the electron production and electron density in the CR layer.…”

“…Yet in [5,7] are made some calculations of the electron production and electron density in the CR layer. These profiles were compared with the experimental profiles measured by Van Allen [5, 7 and references therein], on basis of data from German V2 rocket soundings in 1952 at geomagnetic latitudes 0°, 38°, 51° and 60°.…”

Cosmic ray ionization effect in the atmosphere during the maximal GLE05 − on 23.02.1956

“…Over 50 years ago were made calculations of ionization profiles q(h) in the lower ionosphere (50-100 km) due to the penetration of relativistic SEPs during the GLE05 on February 23, 1956 [5][6][7][8][9]. In the atmosphere cosmic particles enter in electromagnetic and nuclear interactions with the substance of the air.…”

“…In the atmosphere cosmic particles enter in electromagnetic and nuclear interactions with the substance of the air. The first results for q(h) profiles [5][6][7][8][9] were obtained without accounting the nuclear interactions between the secondary cosmic ray particles and the Earth's atmosphere, which is quite acceptable for these altitudes. In the ionospheric D-region (50-100 km) the predominant interactions are the electromagnetic due to the small atmospheric depth (less than 1 g/cm 2 ) for the cosmic ray particles [7].…”

“…The GCRs create the continuous and permanent ionization in the atmosphere, and also the independent ionospheric cosmic ray layer (CR layer) at altitudes 50-80 km in the D region in the lower ionosphere [5,[7][8][9]]. Yet in [5,7] are made some calculations of the electron production and electron density in the CR layer.…”

“…Yet in [5,7] are made some calculations of the electron production and electron density in the CR layer. These profiles were compared with the experimental profiles measured by Van Allen [5, 7 and references therein], on basis of data from German V2 rocket soundings in 1952 at geomagnetic latitudes 0°, 38°, 51° and 60°.…”

Effect of dust storms on the D region of the Martian ionosphere: Atmospheric electricity

“…Galactic cosmic rays, which affect the whole atmosphere down to Earth's surface, become a major ionization source at the bottom of the D region on Earth [Velinov, 1968]. Galactic cosmic rays, which affect the whole atmosphere down to Earth's surface, become a major ionization source at the bottom of the D region on Earth [Velinov, 1968].…”

Cosmic ray ionization effect in the atmosphere during the maximal GLE05 − on 23.02.1956

“…Over 50 years ago were made calculations of ionization profiles q(h) in the lower ionosphere (50-100 km) due to the penetration of relativistic SEPs during the GLE05 on February 23, 1956 [5][6][7][8][9]. In the atmosphere cosmic particles enter in electromagnetic and nuclear interactions with the substance of the air.…”

“…In the atmosphere cosmic particles enter in electromagnetic and nuclear interactions with the substance of the air. The first results for q(h) profiles [5][6][7][8][9] were obtained without accounting the nuclear interactions between the secondary cosmic ray particles and the Earth's atmosphere, which is quite acceptable for these altitudes. In the ionospheric D-region (50-100 km) the predominant interactions are the electromagnetic due to the small atmospheric depth (less than 1 g/cm 2 ) for the cosmic ray particles [7].…”

“…The GCRs create the continuous and permanent ionization in the atmosphere, and also the independent ionospheric cosmic ray layer (CR layer) at altitudes 50-80 km in the D region in the lower ionosphere [5,[7][8][9]]. Yet in [5,7] are made some calculations of the electron production and electron density in the CR layer.…”

“…Yet in [5,7] are made some calculations of the electron production and electron density in the CR layer. These profiles were compared with the experimental profiles measured by Van Allen [5, 7 and references therein], on basis of data from German V2 rocket soundings in 1952 at geomagnetic latitudes 0°, 38°, 51° and 60°.…”

Effect of dust storms on the D region of the Martian ionosphere: Atmospheric electricity

“…Galactic cosmic rays, which affect the whole atmosphere down to Earth's surface, become a major ionization source at the bottom of the D region on Earth [Velinov, 1968]. Galactic cosmic rays, which affect the whole atmosphere down to Earth's surface, become a major ionization source at the bottom of the D region on Earth [Velinov, 1968].…”

Cosmic ray ionization effect in the atmosphere during the maximal GLE05 − on 23.02.1956

“…Over 50 years ago were made calculations of ionization profiles q(h) in the lower ionosphere (50-100 km) due to the penetration of relativistic SEPs during the GLE05 on February 23, 1956 [5][6][7][8][9]. In the atmosphere cosmic particles enter in electromagnetic and nuclear interactions with the substance of the air.…”

“…In the atmosphere cosmic particles enter in electromagnetic and nuclear interactions with the substance of the air. The first results for q(h) profiles [5][6][7][8][9] were obtained without accounting the nuclear interactions between the secondary cosmic ray particles and the Earth's atmosphere, which is quite acceptable for these altitudes. In the ionospheric D-region (50-100 km) the predominant interactions are the electromagnetic due to the small atmospheric depth (less than 1 g/cm 2 ) for the cosmic ray particles [7].…”

“…The GCRs create the continuous and permanent ionization in the atmosphere, and also the independent ionospheric cosmic ray layer (CR layer) at altitudes 50-80 km in the D region in the lower ionosphere [5,[7][8][9]]. Yet in [5,7] are made some calculations of the electron production and electron density in the CR layer.…”

“…Yet in [5,7] are made some calculations of the electron production and electron density in the CR layer. These profiles were compared with the experimental profiles measured by Van Allen [5, 7 and references therein], on basis of data from German V2 rocket soundings in 1952 at geomagnetic latitudes 0°, 38°, 51° and 60°.…”

Effect of dust storms on the D region of the Martian ionosphere: Atmospheric electricity

“…Galactic cosmic rays, which affect the whole atmosphere down to Earth's surface, become a major ionization source at the bottom of the D region on Earth [Velinov, 1968]. Galactic cosmic rays, which affect the whole atmosphere down to Earth's surface, become a major ionization source at the bottom of the D region on Earth [Velinov, 1968].…”