On hyperpriors and hypopriors: comment on Pellicano and Burr

Friston, Karl J.; Lawson, Rebecca; Frith, C. D.

doi:10.1016/j.tics.2012.11.003

Cited by 127 publications

(123 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…We suggested that this process may be atypical in autism, in that the internal priors are underweighted and less used than in typical individuals. Our theory has been followed by several others along similar lines (8)(9)(10)(11).…”

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confidence: 68%

“…These mechanisms may be more readily explained by the recent Bayesian models of autism (4,(8)(9)(10)(11), which clearly predict that individuals with autism should give less weighting to prior or predictive information, such as the consequences of previous stimulation. Critically, in this study, number perception of autistic children postadaptation was more accurate, in that the target patch of dots corresponded better to physical reality than to expectations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Children with autism spectrum disorder show reduced adaptation to number

Turi

Burr

Igliozzi

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Autism is known to be associated with major perceptual atypicalities. We have recently proposed a general model to account for these atypicalities in Bayesian terms, suggesting that autistic individuals underuse predictive information or priors. We tested this idea by measuring adaptation to numerosity stimuli in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). After exposure to large numbers of items, stimuli with fewer items appear to be less numerous (and vice versa). We found that children with ASD adapted much less to numerosity than typically developing children, although their precision for numerosity discrimination was similar to that of the typical group. This result reinforces recent findings showing reduced adaptation to facial identity in ASD and goes on to show that reduced adaptation is not unique to faces (social stimuli with special significance in autism), but occurs more generally, for both parietal and temporal functions, probably reflecting inefficiencies in the adaptive interpretation of sensory signals. These results provide strong support for the Bayesian theories of autism.utism is a heritable, lifelong neurodevelopmental condition with striking effects on social communication. The condition, however, is also associated with a range of nonsocial symptoms, including both hypersensitivity and hyposensitivity to perceptual stimuli, and sensory-seeking behaviors such as attraction to light, intense looking at objects, and fascination with brightly colored objects. These sensory atypicalities, which now form part of the diagnostic criteria for autism (1), can have debilitating effects on the lives of autistic people (2) and their families (3).We have recently proposed a Bayesian account of autism (4), suggesting that it is not sensory processing itself that is disrupted in individuals with autism, but the interpretation of the sensory input. The Bayesian class of theories, including predictive coding and other generative models (5-7), assumes that perception is an optimized combination of external sensory data (the likelihood) and an internal model (the prior). We suggested that this process may be atypical in autism, in that the internal priors are underweighted and less used than in typical individuals. Our theory has been followed by several others along similar lines (8-11).The suggestion of underutilization of priors leads to several specific predictions. One strong prediction is that autistic individuals should show reduced adaptation aftereffects. Adaptation, which occurs throughout sensory systems, represents a form of experience-dependent plasticity in which our current sensory experience is intimately affected by how we viewed the world only moments before. It is widely held to pose numerous functional advantages (12-16), including serving to autocalibrate perceptual systems to their environment by dynamically tuning its responses to match the distribution of stimuli to make maximal use of the limited working range of the system (12-16). It achieves this by reducing the transm...

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confidence: 68%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Children with autism spectrum disorder show reduced adaptation to number

Turi

Burr

Igliozzi

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…With regard to autism, it has been proposed that autistic traits might be related to higher sensory precision, i.e. a stronger reliance on (bottom-up) sensory evidence as compared to (top-down) prior beliefs, which can lead to a failure of contextualizing sensory information in a socially adequate fashion [40]. Furthermore, the reliance on prior beliefs might be particularly important and relevant in situations of high uncertainty such as real-time social interactions with others.…”

Section: Introduction: Psychiatric Disorders As Disorders Of Social Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards a second-person neuropsychiatry

Schilbach

2016

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

192

163

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Psychiatric disorders can affect our ability to successfully and enjoyably interact with others. Conversely, having difficulties in social relations is known to increase the risk of developing a psychiatric disorder. In this article, the assumption that psychiatric disorders can be construed as disorders of social interaction is reviewed from a clinical point of view. Furthermore, it is argued that a psychiatrically motivated focus on the dynamics of social interaction may help to provide new perspectives for the field of social neuroscience. Such progress may be crucial to realize social neuroscience's translational potential and to advance the transdiagnostic investigation of the neurobiology of psychiatric disorders

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“…Physiologically, this precision or attention is thought to be mediated by the postsynaptic gain or sensitivity of neuronal populations reporting prediction error (Bastos, et al, 2012). The specific failure in ASD has been attributed to a relative increase in the precision of sensory evidence and over the precision of higher (extrasensory) beliefs (Friston, et al, 2013b; Lawson, et al, 2014; Pellicano and Burr, 2012; Quattrocki and Friston, 2014; Van de Cruys, et al, 2014). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autonomic and brain responses associated with empathy deficits in autism spectrum disorder

Eilam‐Stock

Zhou

et al. 2015

Human Brain Mapping

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107

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Accumulating evidence suggests that autonomic signals and their cortical representations are closely linked to emotional processes, and that related abnormalities could lead to social deficits. Although socio-emotional impairments are a defining feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), empirical evidence directly supporting the link between autonomic, cortical, and socio-emotional abnormalities in ASD is still lacking. In this study, we examined autonomic arousal indexed by skin conductance responses (SCR), concurrent cortical responses measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging, and effective brain connectivity estimated by dynamic causal modeling, in seventeen un-medicated high-functioning adults with ASD and seventeen matched controls, while they performed an empathy-for-pain task. Compared to controls, adults with ASD showed enhanced SCR related to empathetic pain, along with increased neural activity in the anterior insular cortex, although their behavioral empathetic pain discriminability was reduced and overall SCR was decreased. ASD individuals also showed enhanced correlation between SCR and neural activities in the anterior insula. Importantly, significant group differences in effective brain connectivity were limited to greater reduction in the negative intrinsic connectivity of the anterior insular cortex in the ASD group, indicating a failure in attenuating anterior insular responses to empathetic pain. These results suggest that aberrant interoceptive precision, as indexed by abnormalities in autonomic activity and its central representations, may underlie empathy deficits in ASD.

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On hyperpriors and hypopriors: comment on Pellicano and Burr

Cited by 127 publications

References 11 publications

Children with autism spectrum disorder show reduced adaptation to number

Children with autism spectrum disorder show reduced adaptation to number

Towards a second-person neuropsychiatry

Autonomic and brain responses associated with empathy deficits in autism spectrum disorder

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