On high velocity impact of micro-sized metallic particles in cold spraying

Li, Wenya; Liao, Hanlin; Li, Chang-Jiu; Li, Gang; Coddet, Christian; Wang, Xiaofang

doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2006.05.126

Cited by 164 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The flattening ratio appear to be in the range between 0.2 and 0.37, depending on the process temperature, which was lower than values found for even more deformable materials deposited by CS such as Al (Ref 50) or Cu (Ref 10,51). Therefore, these data indicate that particles sprayed by WS were more heavily deformed without significant loss of deposition efficiency.…”

Section: Effects Of the Combustion Pressurementioning

confidence: 65%

Warm Spray Forming of Ti-6Al-4V

et al. 2013

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Warm spray (WS) is a modification of high-velocity oxy-fuel spraying, in which the temperature of the supersonic gas flow generated by the combustion of kerosene and oxygen is controlled by diluting the combustion flame with an inert gas such as nitrogen. The inert gas is injected into the mixing chamber placed between the combustion chamber and the powder feed ports, thus the temperature of the propellant gas can be controlled from~700 to 2,000 K. Since WS allows for higher particle temperatures in comparison to cold spray, warm sprayed particles are more softened upon impact, thus resulting in greater deformation facilitating the formation of shear instability for bonding. Recently, the combustion pressure of WS has been increased from 1 (low-pressure warm spray) to 4 MPa (high-pressure warm spray) in order to increase the velocity of sprayed particles. Effects of spray parameters on microstructure, mechanical properties, and splats formation of Ti-6Al-4V were systematically studied. Obtained coatings were examined by analyzing the coating cross-section images, microhardness as well as oxygen content. In addition, flattening ratio of splats was calculated as a function of nitrogen flow rate. It was found that the increased particle velocity caused by the increased combustion pressure had significant beneficial effects in terms of improving density and controlling the oxygen level in the sprayed Ti-6Al-4V coatings.

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Section: Effects Of the Combustion Pressurementioning

confidence: 65%

Warm Spray Forming of Ti-6Al-4V

et al. 2013

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“…Several other studies have used FEM to investigate particle impact and deformation under various impact conditions and material combinations [45,[52][53][54][55][56][57][58]. Most of these studies are based on Lagrangian formulation implemented in commercial software.…”

Section: Numerical Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cold spraying – A materials perspective

et al. 2016

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Cold spraying is a solid-state powder deposition process with several unique characteristics, allowing production of coatings or bulk components from a wide range of materials. The process has attracted much attention from academia and industry over the past two decades.The technical interest in cold spraying is twofold: first as a coating process for applications in surface technology, and second as a solid-state additive manufacturing process, offering an alternative to selective laser melting or electron beam melting methods. Moreover, cold spraying can be used to study materials behaviour under extremely high strain rates, high pressures and high cooling rates. The cold spraying process is thus considered to be relevant for various industrial applications, as well as for fundamental studies in materials science.This article aims to provide an overview of the cold spray process, the current understanding of the deposition mechanisms, and the related models and experiments, from a materials science perspective. IntroductionCold spraying (CS) is a solid-state material deposition technique, where micron-sized particles of a powder bond to a substrate as a result of high-velocity impact and the associated severe plastic deformation. Acceleration of particles to high velocities is obtained via expansion of a pressurised and (ironically) 'hot' gas through a diverging-converging nozzle.Despite heating the process gas -which is to provide higher acceleration of the gas and also to facilitate particle deformation through thermal softening -the feedstock remains in the solid state throughout the entire process; hence the name 'cold' spraying. This is to underline the contrast to conventional thermal spraying where particles are completely or partially molten upon impact onto the substrate. Alternative terminology includes cold gas spray, micro cold spray, cold gas dynamic spray, kinetic spray, supersonic particle deposition and metal powder application (MPA), all of which refer to the same principle of solid-state powder deposition as described above. CS is used for coating and repair. It is also used for additive manufacturing (AM) at relatively high deposition rates as compared to the methods based on selective laser or electron beam melting. The main advantage of CS is that it alleviates the problems associated with high temperature processing of materials, such as oxidation and unfavourable structural changes. It is possibly the only continuous method to produce bulk components of metastable materials that are available only in the powder form, e.g. as obtained from mechanical attrition or gas atomisation. The aim of the present paper is to provide an overview of CS from a materials perspective, particularly for a broader audience in materials research, e.g. with interest in dynamic phenomena, plasticity and phase transformations. In terms of application and properties, CS is perhaps best to be compared to thermal spraying processes, as in [24,25]. In view of relevant physical phenomena, however, CS is mos...

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“…Li et al [20] studied the high velocity impact of micro size particles in cold spraying. They concluded that both the compression ratio and flattening ratio of the particles increase with increase in particle velocity.…”

Section: Impact Velocity Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 Variation of surface roughness (raw data and S/N ratio) with process parameters a feed arrangement, b substrate material, c air pressure (psi), d air temperature (°C), and e stand-off distance (mm) and is not only dependent on the impact velocity of the striking particles. The property of high hardness of the material B435 may help in achieving the sufficient plastic deformation of the striking particles on impact resulting in better surface finish of the coatings [20].…”

Section: Stand-off Distance (Mm)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface roughness optimization of cold-sprayed coatings using Taguchi method

Goyal

Walia

Sidhu³

2011

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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In this paper, Taguchi L 18 orthogonal array have been employed for depositing the electro-conductive coatings by varying various process parameters, i.e., substrate material, type of powder feeding arrangement, stagnation gas temperature, stagnation gas pressure, and stand-off distance. The response parameter of the coatings so produced is measured in terms of surface roughness. The optimum process parameters are predicted on the basis of analyses (ANOVA) of the raw data and signal to noise ratio. The significant process parameters in order of their decreasing percentage contribution are: stagnation pressure, stand-off distance, substrate material, stagnation temperature of the carrier gas, and feed arrangement of the powder particles, respectively.

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On high velocity impact of micro-sized metallic particles in cold spraying

Cited by 164 publications

References 16 publications

Warm Spray Forming of Ti-6Al-4V

Warm Spray Forming of Ti-6Al-4V

Cold spraying – A materials perspective

Surface roughness optimization of cold-sprayed coatings using Taguchi method

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