On Ground Study of the ODF Status of Ghaziabad District, U.P.

Jha, Padma Kant; Sharma, Vrinda

doi:10.1007/978-981-15-1543-9_12

Cited by 1 publication

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“…Rates of OD also varied by urban and rural location. Studies conducted in urban locations found higher rates of latrine coverage and lower rates of OD than those conducted in rural areas (Exum et al, 2020;Jha and Sharma, 2020;Datta et al, 2021). Urban latrine coverage was found to be 86% and 92% in urban Tripura and urban Uttar Pradesh, respectively (Jha and Sharma, 2020;Datta et al, 2021).…”

Section: Impacts Of Sbm On Odmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies conducted in urban locations found higher rates of latrine coverage and lower rates of OD than those conducted in rural areas (Exum et al, 2020;Jha and Sharma, 2020;Datta et al, 2021). Urban latrine coverage was found to be 86% and 92% in urban Tripura and urban Uttar Pradesh, respectively (Jha and Sharma, 2020;Datta et al, 2021). Exum et al (2020) found that, from 2016 to 2018, main OD practices in rural Rajasthan households decreased from 63.3% to 45.8%, and in urban households from 12.6% to 9.4%.…”

Section: Impacts Of Sbm On Odmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies found that government claims of improved toilet coverage and increases in ODF villages were overreported. While India's Prime Minister declared the country ODF in 2019, assessments of toilet coverage following SBM implementation ranged from 19% in rural Bihar (Jain et al, 2020) to 92% in urban Uttar Pradesh (Jha and Sharma, 2020). India's NFHS reported that 19% of India's total population practiced OD in 2021 (IIPS and ICF, 2021).…”

Section: Impacts Of Sbm On Odmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effectiveness of the Swachh Bharat Mission and barriers to ending open defecation in India: a systematic review

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Beardsley

et al. 2023

Front. Environ. Sci.

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In 2016, nearly 60% of the population of India practiced open defecation (OD), which was 4 times the global rate, and reducing OD in India will be essential in meeting Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6.2 and improving global public health. The government of India launched the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) in 2014 with one key goal for all Indian states to achieve OD-free (ODF) status by 2019. Despite reports from the Government of India on the success of SBM, the true ODF status of Indian states is still unknown. A systematic review of peer-reviewed literature was conducted to assess the impact of SBM on OD in India, evaluate the barriers to reducing OD, and provide recommendations for future interventions to reduce or eliminate OD in India. A total of 237 publications were screened, and 22 were selected for inclusion. While the Prime Minister declared India ODF in 2019, studies suggest that the government monitoring system overestimates numbers of ODF villages and toilet coverage. Reasons for households’ continued OD practice include financial constraints, lack of water supply, governmental mistrust, cultural beliefs, and personal preference. Community incentives and penalties have been used to encourage proper sanitation practices with varying success. Overarching strategies and approaches that have worked well across study districts to reduce OD include high involvement of district leadership and innovative behavior-change and local community mobilization campaigns.

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Section: Impacts Of Sbm On Odmentioning

confidence: 99%