“…This method is very well known for its simplicity, robustness, and ability to recreate electrically and geometrically complex environments. Several studies on FDTD GPR applications are documented in the literature, such as: investigations on the GPR ability to identify defects in masonry structures (Diamanti et al, 2008;Hamrouche et al, 2009); applications on precast concrete units (Campo, 2019a); signal analysis and signal artefacts (Campo, 2019b(Campo, , 2021Diamanti & Annan, 2020;Diamanti et al, 2022); assessment on historical buildings (Solla et al, 2011a(Solla et al, , 2011b(Solla et al, , 2012; modelling commercial antennas (Patsia et al, 2021a;Warren & Giannopoulos, 2008; machine learning and full waveform inversion applications (Giannakis et al, 2021;Patsia et al, 2021b).…”