“…There are many references in theory and applications, modeling, design, structure and mathematics of neural networks (see Daniel, 2013; Haykin, 1994; Müller et al, 2012; Tang et al, 2007). In particular, the numerical solution of ordinary and partial differential equations (Beidokhti and Malek, 2009; Kumar and Yadav, 2011; Shirvany et al, 2009), optimal control problems (Cheng et al, 2007; Effati and Pakdaman, 2013; Vrabie and Lewis, 2009), mathematical programming problems (Nazemi, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014; Nazemi and Effati, 2013; Nazemi and Nazemi, 2014; Nazemi and Omidi, 2012, 2013; Nazemi and Sharifi, 2013) and numerical solution of FOCP and fractional differential equations (Ghasemi and Nazemi, 2018; Ghasemi et al, 2017; Jafarian et al, 2017; Kheyrinataj and Nazemi, 2020a, 2020b; Yavari and Nazemi, 2019, 2020; Zuniga-Aguilar et al, 2018). Among the papers mentioned and in order to solve FOCPs, by using perceptron neural network’s ability in approximating a nonlinear function and the Grunwald–Letnikov approximation of Riemann–Liouville fractional derivatives, Ghasemi et al (2017) contribute to presenting an indirect method for solving FOCPs.…”