On fractional frequency reuse in imperfect cellular grids

Mitran, Patrick; Rosenberg, Catherine

doi:10.1109/wcnc.2012.6214312

Cited by 18 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…In [21], the authors consider the BSs as a perturbed lattice network and analyze the fractional frequency reuse technique. The degree of the perturbation is assumed to be a constant.…”

Section: A Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial Stochastic Models and Metrics for the Structure of Base Stations in Cellular Networks

Guo

Haenggi

2013

IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun.

258

229

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The spatial structure of base stations (BSs) in cellular networks plays a key role in evaluating the downlink performance. In this paper, different spatial stochastic models (the Poisson point process (PPP), the Poisson hard-core process (PHCP), the Strauss process (SP), and the perturbed triangular lattice) are used to model the structure by fitting them to the locations of BSs in real cellular networks obtained from a public database. We provide two general approaches for fitting. One is fitting by the method of maximum pseudolikelihood. As for the fitted models, it is not sufficient to distinguish them conclusively by some classical statistics. We propose the coverage probability as the criterion for the goodness-of-fit. In terms of coverage, the SP provides a better fit than the PPP and the PHCP. The other approach is fitting by the method of minimum contrast that minimizes the average squared error of the coverage probability. This way, fitted models are obtained whose coverage performance matches that of the given data set very accurately. Furthermore, we introduce a novel metric, the deployment gain, and we demonstrate how it can be used to estimate the coverage performance and average rate achieved by a data set.

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“…In [21], the authors consider the BSs as a perturbed lattice network and analyze the fractional frequency reuse technique. The degree of the perturbation is assumed to be a constant.…”

Section: A Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial Stochastic Models and Metrics for the Structure of Base Stations in Cellular Networks

Guo

Haenggi

2013

IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun.

258

229

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Authors in [26] employ FFR in networks with imperfect grid by abstracting base station locations as perturbed from their ideal hexagonal lattice positions and used Monte Carlo simulations for performance evaluation. All the existing analytical works so far investigating FFR-based multi-tier networks have focused mainly on omni-directional cases, and analyzed Strict or Soft FFR.…”

Section: Related Work and Contributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stochastic Geometry Based Framework for Coverage and Rate in Heterogeneous Networks with Sectored Fractional Frequency Reuse

Abdullahi¹,

Liu²,

Mohadeskasaei³

2017

AJNC

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Abstract:Modern day cellular networks are driven by the need to provide ubiquitous connectivity with very high spectral efficiency to both indoor and outdoor users, hence the need to deploy small cells over conventional macrocells in a Heterogeneous Network (Hetnet) deployment. To alleviate the resulting inter-cell and cross-tier interference, effective intercell interference coordination (ICIC) schemes such as Fractional Frequency Reuse (FFR) are employed, and have been widely studied in perfect geometry network scenarios which are too idealistic and not easily adaptable to the complexity of Hetnets. This work provides an analytical framework for the performance of such FFR schemes in Hetnets with antenna sectorization employed at the macro tier, by leveraging stochastic geometry tools to model base station locations of both macro and femto tiers using the Poisson Point Process (PPP). We study the effects of varying system parameters and consider cross-tier femto interference commonly ignored in many analytical works in literature. Furthermore, the femtocells employ a sensing algorithm to minimize spectrum sharing with macro users in close proximity, especially at the transition areas of center and edge region where cross-tier interference could be monumental. Numerical simulations are used to evaluate performance of the proposed framework in terms of coverage probability and average user rate, and results are compared with traditional FFR schemes and the No-FFR deployment. To the best of the author's knowledge, this is the first analytical framework characterizing sectored-FFR schemes using stochastic geometry tools in Hetnets.

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“…A better approach for realistic networks is to consider the whole network coverage area once FFR is applied and then focus on the resulting achievable data rate at pixel level, because, due to the change in the frequency reuse factor and bandwidth for each zone, the final distribution of achievable data rates at pixel level does not necessarily match the corresponding SINR distribution [17]. Second, it is well-known the fact that cell edge performance and overall spectral efficiency are conflicting objectives [25,26], and hence, in order to provide a better overview of this tradeoff, both performance metrics must be jointly considered. 2.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiobjective optimization of fractional frequency reuse for irregular OFDMA macrocellular deployments

et al. 2015

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Interference mitigation has been identified as a key challenge for emerging cellular technologies based on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), such as LTE. In this context, static Intercell Interference Coordination including Fractional Frequency Reuse (FFR) have been adopted by mobile operators as a good alternative to improve the Quality of Service (QoS) at cell edges. Nevertheless, recent results made evident the need for additional research efforts as default FFR configurations only offer tradeoffs in which spectral efficiency is severely penalized. Moreover, the performance of such baseline designs has been showed to be poor in realistic cellular deployments featuring irregular cell patterns. This paper solves this problematic by introducing a novel multiobjective optimization framework based on evolutionary algorithms that jointly takes into account system capacity, cell edge performance, and energy consumption. With respect to important reference schemes, the proposed algorithm succeeds in finding FFR configurations achieving gains between 10% and 40% in terms of system capacity while simultaneously improving cell edge performance up to 70%.

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On fractional frequency reuse in imperfect cellular grids

Cited by 18 publications

References 11 publications

Spatial Stochastic Models and Metrics for the Structure of Base Stations in Cellular Networks

Spatial Stochastic Models and Metrics for the Structure of Base Stations in Cellular Networks

Stochastic Geometry Based Framework for Coverage and Rate in Heterogeneous Networks with Sectored Fractional Frequency Reuse

Multiobjective optimization of fractional frequency reuse for irregular OFDMA macrocellular deployments

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