On estimating the atmospheric longwave flux at the ocean surface from ship meteorological reports

Josey, Simon A.; Oakley, Daniel; Pascal, R. W.

doi:10.1029/97jc02420

Cited by 34 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…Their specification required a delicate two-step process. At first, essential flux components were either directly found or determined from extensive parameterizations [11][12][13]; these include the short-wave radiation, long-wave radiation, latent heat, sensible heat, evaporation, and precipitation fluxes. Some intermediate fields were available elsewhere, such as the short-wave radiation under clear skies 3 and the surface albedo 4 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Assessment of Global Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Resources With a High-Resolution Ocean General Circulation Model

Rajagopalan¹,

Nihous

2013

Journal of Energy Resources Technology

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Global rates of ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) are assessed with a highresolution (1 deg Â 1 deg) ocean general circulation model (OGCM). In numerically intensive simulations, the OTEC process is represented by a pair of sinks and a source of specified strengths placed at selected water depths across the oceanic region favorable for OTEC. Results broadly confirm earlier estimates obtained with a coarse (4 deg Â 4 deg) OGCM, but with the greater resolution and more elaborate description of key physical oceanic mechanisms in the present case, the massive deployment of OTEC systems appears to affect the global environment to a relatively greater extent. The maximum global OTEC power production drops to 14 TW, or about half of previously estimated levels, but it would be achieved with only one-third as many OTEC systems. Environmental effects at maximum OTEC power production are generally similar in both sets of simulations. The oceanic surface layer would cool down in tropical OTEC regions with a compensating warming trend elsewhere. Some heat would penetrate the ocean interior until the environment reaches a new steady state. A significant boost of the oceanic thermohaline circulation (THC) would occur. Although all simulations with given OTEC flow singularities were run for 1000 years to ensure stabilization of the system, convergence to a new equilibrium was generally achieved much faster, i.e., roughly within a century. With more limited OTEC scenarios, a global OTEC power production of the order of 7 TW could still be achieved without much effect on ocean temperatures.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Assessment of Global Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Resources With a High-Resolution Ocean General Circulation Model

Rajagopalan¹,

Nihous

2013

Journal of Energy Resources Technology

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“…We selected the formula of Clark et al (1974) to perform the analysis. Dierent tests made over the open ocean (Katsaros, 1990;Josey et al, 1997) show that this formula performs well and it may be used in climatological studies at mid-latitudes. The analysis is conducted by using 838 hourly measurements of atmospheric radiation, sea surface temperature and surface meteorological parameters collected under clear-sky conditions.…”

Section: Data and Analysis Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Following Josey et al (1997), the downward clear-sky radiation can be obtained by the formula of Clark et al (1974):…”

Section: Peculiarities Of the Surface Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climatic features of the Mediterranean Sea detected by the analysis of the longwave radiative bulk formulae

Schiano¹,

Borghini²,

Castellari

et al. 2000

Ann. Geophys.

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Abstract. Some important climatic features of the Mediterranean Sea stand out from an analysis of the systematic discrepancies between direct measurements of longwave radiation budget and predictions obtained by the most widely used bulk formulae. In particular, under clear-sky conditions the results show that the surface values of both air temperature and humidity over the Mediterranean Sea are larger than those expected over an open ocean with the same amount of net longwave radiation. Furthermore, the twofold climatic regime of the Mediterranean region strongly aects the downwelling clear-sky radiation. This study suggests that a single bulk formula with constant numerical coecients is unable to reproduce the¯uxes at the surface for all the seasons.

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“…where R LW N is the net longwave radiation at the surface, ε 0 is the surface emissivity assumed equal to 0.98, σ is the Stefan-Boltzman constant, T S is the surface temperature measured with the thermistor dropped in the water (Figure 2) and α LW is the longwave radiation reflectivity of the surface set equal to 0.045 (Josey et al, 1997). Clark et al (1974) gave an empirical equation to estimate the net longwave radiation over open ocean conditions:…”

Section: Surface Emissivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…where e A is the vapour pressure value in mb, T A is the air temperature measured on board of ship at 11 m above the sea level (Figure 2), a and b are empirical constants set equal to 0.39 and 0.05 respectively (Josey et al, 1997) and n is the fractional cloud cover in oktas. The latitude dependent cloud cover coefficient, λ, assumes the value of 0.51 at the equator (Clark et al, 1974).…”

Section: Surface Emissivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the diurnal evolution of surface radiation balance over the western region of Tropical Atlantic Ocean using in situ measurements carried out during the FluTuA Project

Bacellar¹,

Oliveira²,

Soares³

et al. 2008

Meteorological Applications

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ABSTRACT:In this work, the diurnal evolution of the radiation balance components over the tropical Atlantic Ocean is described and analysed. The analysis is based on measurements carried out on board a Brazilian Navy ship during the observational campaign of the FluTuA Project ('Fluxos Turbulentos sobre o Atlântico'), from 15 to 23 May 2002. The observations indicated that the albedo responds as expected to atmospheric attenuation effects with a diurnal evolution similar to the Fresnel albedo. In general, the observed longwave radiation values agreed better with the estimated values obtained without longwave reflection. In agreement with the literature, the average surface emissivity was around 0.97. The net radiation, estimated from published equations for albedo, atmospheric transmissivity and surface emissivity, agreed with the observations, indicating that these parameters are representative of the radiometric properties of the air-sea interface in the region between Natal (6°S, 35.2°W) and the São Pedro and São Paulo Archipelago (1°N, 29.3°W).

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On estimating the atmospheric longwave flux at the ocean surface from ship meteorological reports

Cited by 34 publications

References 22 publications

An Assessment of Global Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Resources With a High-Resolution Ocean General Circulation Model

An Assessment of Global Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Resources With a High-Resolution Ocean General Circulation Model

Climatic features of the Mediterranean Sea detected by the analysis of the longwave radiative bulk formulae

Assessing the diurnal evolution of surface radiation balance over the western region of Tropical Atlantic Ocean using in situ measurements carried out during the FluTuA Project

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