On Competition between Javan Rhino (Rhinoceros Sondaicus) and Javan Bull (Bos Javanicus) at Ujung Kulon National Park with Allee Effect

Abstract

In the last few decades, it has been reported that the population of Rhino (Rhinoceros Sondaicus) at the Ujung Kulon National Park has been reaching a stagnation at the number 50s, despite the existing territory can support a much larger number of Rhinos. Here, we construct a dynamical model representing the interaction between Rhino and Bull (Bos Javanicus) with Allee effect for the Javan rhinos population. This Allee effect may occur in the field, among others, due to the solitary behaviour of Rhino within large territory, imbalance of age structure and gender and difficulty of finding mates in Javan rhinos population which causes inbreeding in the population. In this paper, we follow the previous paper on the territorial competition between Javan rhino and Javan bull at Ujung Kulon National Park and add Allee effect factor on the Javan rhino's population. We give a proof on the boundedness of the solution and explanation on the bifurcations that occur in the model. One of these bifurcations plays an important role in the system. Some simulations and suggestion on how to improve the survival of Javan rhino is also included.

The Importance of Unprotected Areas as Habitat for The Leopard Cat (Prionailurus bengalensis javanensis Desmarest, 1816) on Java, Indonesia

“…Kami mengembangkan pemodelan distribusi spesies, menggunakan Maxent dengan mengintegrasikan berbagai sumber Home to 60% of Indonesia's human population (ca 170 Millions), the island of Java is one of the most densely populated islands in the world. Despite high a n t h r o p o ge n i c p r e s s u r e s l e a d i n g t o m a n y environmental problems such as loss of forest cover up to 64% as long as 2001-2009(Ferdaus et al 2014 island is also still home to many endangered and critically endangered species, including the javan rhino Rhinoceros sondaicus (Setiawan et al 2018;Harjanto & Mentari 2019), javan banteng Bos javanicus ' (Pudyatmoko et al 2007;Purnomo & Pudyatmoko 2011;Imron et al 2016;Qiptiyah et al 2019), javan leopard Panthera pardus melas ''' -'' (Rode-Margono et al 2014;Wilting et al 2016;Wibisono et al 2018;Husodo et al 2019), dhole Cuon alpines ''' (Nurvianto et al 2015;, javan hawkeagle Spizaetus bartelsi (Balen et al 2001) and numerous other birds species (Balen 1999).…”