On-Chip Drug Screening Technologies for Nanopharmaceutical and Nanomedicine Applications

Advances in Organ-on-a-Chip Materials and Devices

“…Ingber demonstrated the excellent properties of PU made from GS polymer and procedures for creating strong bonds to itself. PDMS was found to have a greater transmittance than PU for 97 Carter et al, 98 Li et al, 99 Ferrari et al, 100 Guo et al, 101 2 SU-8 mechanical strength, optical transparency, chemically stable, resistant toward other solvents adhesion selectivity, stress and resist stripping pancreas-liver-on-a-chip and blood-brain barrier modeling Essaouiba et al, 102 Zakharova et al 103 3 POMaC biodegradable, nontoxic, inexpensive, controllable mechanical and degradation properties, and simple fabrication soft tissue engineering, heart-on-a-chip, and liveron-a-chip Zhao et al, 329 Lai et al, 87 Polidoro et al 104 4 polystyrene optically transparency, biocompatible, rigid, easy surface functionalization, and inexpensive high cost equipments, poor resistance toward to other solvents biosensors, blood-brain-barrier model, multilayer devices, and drug analysis Bossink et al, 105 Zakharova et al, 103 Paoli et al, 106 Onbas et al 107 5 P(OCS) and PICO nontoxic, biocompatible, inexpensive, good machine strength, easy surface functionalization tissue engineering Huyer et al, 95 wavelengths of <300 nm, while the material transmittances remained equivalent at higher wavelengths (>350 nm). 30 This is essential as in fluorescence spectroscopy, where higher wavelengths are more sensitive for assays, which is crucial in the drug-development stage.…”

Fabrication of Tunable 3D Cellular Structures in High Volume Using Magnetic Levitation Guided Assembly

“…Cell culture is an important tool for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, drug screening and efficacy evaluation, and tumor and disease modeling studies. − Due to limitations of conventional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture in mimicking native tissues, recently three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models have started to be utilized. − 3D cell culture models are a promising approach for various applications − since they mimic the native tissue-specific physiological microenvironment very closely. Spheroids are known as significant 3D cellular models, especially for pharmaceutical and therapeutic studies, because (i) they represent diffusion-limited in vivo tissue models, (ii) they comprise oxygen and nutrient gradients that resulted in a necrotic core, (iii) the radially symmetric structure of spheroids allows formation of a diffusion gradient, and (iv) it enables coculturing multiple cells that can mimic heterogeneous tissue structure. − Spheroid structures have been fabricated through various methods such as hanging drop, nonadhesive surfaces, and spinner flask. − Nonadhesive surfaces and spinner flasks are very simple methods, and mass production is possible.…”