M any communities across the country have set for themselves the ambitious goal of enhancing school readiness. But what does school readiness mean, and how do communities know whether they have achieved it? Child Trends developed this Research Brief and other tools to help communities invest wisely in school readiness initiatives. The brief begins by summarizing recommendations from the National Education Goals Panel for defining and assessing school readiness and then presents a framework for community investments based on an "ecological" view of child development. In other words, this framework not only considers factors related to the child, but also to the child's family, early childhood care and education, schools, neighborhood, and the larger society. This Research Brief updates one that Child Trends published in August 2000. It includes some new research findings, as well as new sections on two additional factors that affect school readiness: emergent literacy and the media. Physical well-being and motor development. This dimension covers such factors as health status, growth, and disabilities; physical abilities, such as gross and fine motor skills; and conditions before, at, and after birth, such as exposure to toxic substances. Social and emotional development. Social development refers to children's ability to interact with others. A positive adaptation to school requires such social skills as the ability to take turns and to cooperate. Emotional development includes such factors as children's perceptions of themselves and their abilities to both understand the feelings of other people and to interpret and express their own feelings. Approaches to learning. This dimension refers to the inclination to use skills,