On biosafety of Sn-containing halide perovskites

Abstract

Lead based halide perovskites have made great progress in various field especially optoelectronic devices, but the health risk caused by heavy metal lead strongly blocks their widespread applications. Therefore, Pb...

In situ SnSe deposition as passivation for scalable and stable quasi-2D lead–tin perovskite solar cells

“…1 However, the road towards commercialization requires efforts towards improving device stability and developing scalable deposition techniques. Mixed Pb–Sn perovskites show a reduced toxicity with respect the pure Pb one, 2 but also a narrower bandgap (1.2–1.3 eV). For these reasons, Pb–Sn alloys are one of the ideal candidates as light absorbers, which show great potential not only for single-junction solar cells but also for all-perovskite tandem devices, 3,4 as illustrated by the recently reported certified efficiency of 26.4%.…”

Mechanistic Understanding of Oxidation of Tin‐based Perovskite Solar Cells and Mitigation Strategies

“…(d) Unit cell and crystal structure of {en}FASnI 3 perovskites. (e) XRD patterns and (f) 1 H NMR of the {en}FASnI 3 perovskite crystals with various molar ratios of FA and en. (g) A supercell of (FA) 2 Sn 2 I 6 showing the hollow perovskite with two SnI 2 vacancies.…”

“…For this reason, the ambitious target of realizing a net zero carbon emission society proposed by many countries desperately needs to develop cost-effective solar cells and promote their large-scale application. [1][2][3][4][5] Among the established and emerging photovoltaic technologies, lead (Pb) halide perovskite solar cells (Pb-based PSCs) become the most promising candidates by the virtue of their combined merits including excellent power conversion efficiency, low cost, solution processibility, and ease of mass production. [6][7][8][9] However, when Pb from halide perovskite leaks into the ground, it can enter the food cycle via plants and is ten times more potent than other Pb contaminants already present due to human activities.…”

“…[17][18][19] Despite recent advancements, the efficiency and stability of Sn-based PSCs still significantly trail behind their Pb-based counterparts. This dilemma mainly originates from the following factors: (1) The extremely fast and uncontrolled crystallization of Sn-based perovskites leads to poor morphology with numerous highdimensional extended defects, [20] which has been widely optimized by additive engineering or antisolvent-replacement engineering; [21][22][23] (2) The facile oxidation of Sn 2 + to Sn 4 + creates a large number of Sn vacancies throughout the perovskite films, which have often been generalized as unfavorable p-type self-doping and non-radiative recombi-nation as well as structural decomposition of perovskites. [24] Unfortunately, oxidation as the most crucial issue for Snbased perovskites has not been actually resolved.…”

“…The advantages of low carbon emissions and low electric bills have made solar energy a hot topic of interest. For this reason, the ambitious target of realizing a net zero carbon emission society proposed by many countries desperately needs to develop cost‐effective solar cells and promote their large‐scale application [1–5] . Among the established and emerging photovoltaic technologies, lead (Pb) halide perovskite solar cells (Pb‐based PSCs) become the most promising candidates by the virtue of their combined merits including excellent power conversion efficiency, low cost, solution processibility, and ease of mass production [6–9] .…”