Transient heat conduction problems widely exist in engineering. In previous work on the peridynamic differential operator (PDDO) method for solving such problems, both time and spatial derivatives were discretized using the PDDO method, resulting in increased complexity and programming difficulty. In this work, the forward difference formula, the backward difference formula, and the centered difference formula are used to discretize the time derivative, while the PDDO method is used to discretize the spatial derivative. Three new schemes for solving transient heat conduction equations have been developed, namely, the forward-in-time and PDDO in space (FT-PDDO) scheme, the backward-in-time and PDDO in space (BT-PDDO) scheme, and the central-in-time and PDDO in space (CT-PDDO) scheme. The stability and convergence of these schemes are analyzed using the Fourier method and Taylor's theorem. Results show that the FT-PDDO scheme is conditionally stable, whereas the BT-PDDO and CT-PDDO schemes are unconditionally stable. The stability conditions for the FT-PDDO scheme are less stringent than those of the explicit finite element method and explicit finite difference method. The convergence rate in space for these three methods is two. These constructed schemes are applied to solve one-dimensional and two-dimensional transient heat conduction problems. The accuracy and validity of the schemes are verified by comparison with analytical solutions.