“…By virtue of the learning and searching power of an autocatalytic self-organization of an ant colony, ACO-based algorithms are receiving increasing attention and have enjoyed great success in the solution of traditionally difficult optimization problems [25,26]. To date, most of these algorithms are improved and extended to applications such as vehicle routing [27], scheduling [28], clustering [29][30][31], classification task [32], and target tracking [33][34][35][36], but the application to biological cell tracking is seldom reported. As we know, in addition to the aforementioned learning and searching power of ant colony, there are other salient features for the track of multiple biological cells, and they could be characterized as follows.…”