We consider the relationship between derivations d and g of a Banach algebra B that satisfy σ(g(x)) ⊆ σ(d(x)) for every x ∈ B, where σ( . ) stands for the spectrum. It turns out that in some basic situations, say if B = B(X), the only possibilities are that g = d, g = 0, and, if d is an inner derivation implemented by an algebraic element of degree 2, also g = −d. The conclusions in more complex classes of algebras are not so simple, but are of a similar spirit. A rather definitive result is obtained for von Neumann algebras. In general C * -algebras we have to make some adjustments, in particular we restrict our attention to inner derivations implemented by selfadjoint elements. We also consider a related condition [b, x] ≤ M [a, x] for all selfadjoint elements x from a C * -algebra B, where a, b ∈ B and a is normal.Mathematics Subject Classification (2010). 46H05, 46L57, 47B47.