Omnidirectional Printing of Flexible, Stretchable, and Spanning Silver Microelectrodes

Ahn, Byung Yoon; Duoss, Eric B.; Motala, Michael J.; Guo, Xiaoying; Park, Sang-Il; Xiong, Yujie; Yoon, Jongseung; Nuzzo, Ralph G.; Rogers, John A.; Lewis, Jennifer A.

doi:10.1126/science.1168375

Cited by 1,111 publications

(958 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…1A) are fabricated with high fidelity using direct ink writing, an extrusion-based 3D printing method (23). In this approach, viscoelastic inks are extruded through a fine deposition nozzle that undergoes programmed translation to create 3D structures layer by layer (24)(25)(26). Direct ink writing is particularly well suited for producing our structures because narrow features with tunable aspect ratios can be readily fabricated by locally varying the print velocity.…”

Section: System Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

Stable propagation of mechanical signals in soft media using stored elastic energy

Raney

Nadkarni

Daraio

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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292

199

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Soft structures with rationally designed architectures capable of large, nonlinear deformation present opportunities for unprecedented, highly tunable devices and machines. However, the highly dissipative nature of soft materials intrinsically limits or prevents certain functions, such as the propagation of mechanical signals.Here we present an architected soft system composed of elastomeric bistable beam elements connected by elastomeric linear springs. The dissipative nature of the polymer readily damps linear waves, preventing propagation of any mechanical signal beyond a short distance, as expected. However, the unique architecture of the system enables propagation of stable, nonlinear solitary transition waves with constant, controllable velocity and pulse geometry over arbitrary distances. Because the high damping of the material removes all other linear, small-amplitude excitations, the desired pulse propagates with high fidelity and controllability. This phenomenon can be used to control signals, as demonstrated by the design of soft mechanical diodes and logic gates.soft | mechanical signal | stable propagation | instability S oft, highly deformable materials have enabled the design of new classes of tunable and responsive systems and devices, including bioinspired soft robots (1, 2), self-regulating microfluidics (3), adaptive optics (4), reusable energy-absorbing systems (5, 6), structures with highly programmable responses (7), and morphological computing paradigms (8). However, their highly deformable and dissipative nature also poses unique challenges. Although it has been demonstrated that the nonlinear response of soft structures can be exploited to design machines capable of performing surprisingly sophisticated functions on actuation (1, 2, 9), their high intrinsic dissipation has prevented the design of completely soft machines. Sensing and control functionalities, which require transmission of a signal over a distance, still typically rely on the integration of stiff electronic components within the soft material (10, 11), introducing interfaces that are often a source of mechanical failure.The design of soft control and sensing systems (and, consequently, completely soft machines) requires the ability to propagate a stable signal without distortion through soft media. There are two limiting factors intrinsic to materials that work against this: dispersion (signal distortion due to frequency-dependent phase velocity) and dissipation (loss of energy over time as the wave propagates through the medium). Dispersion can be controlled or eliminated through nonlinear effects produced via the control of structure in the medium (12). For example, periodic systems based on Hertzian contact (13-15), tensegrity structures (16), rigid bars and linkages (17), and bistable elastic elements (18) can behave as nondispersive media, with the nonlinearity of their local mechanical response canceling out the tendency for the signal to disperse at sufficiently large amplitudes. However, dissipation is still an ov...

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Section: System Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

Stable propagation of mechanical signals in soft media using stored elastic energy

Raney

Nadkarni

Daraio

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

Self Cite

292

199

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…12 Moreover, silver nanoparticle ink with a high solid content is more prone to stability issues, which generally result in clogging of the inkjet nozzles and concerns about shelf-life of the ink. 13 High silver loading is beneficial, but the high temperature removal of organic stabilizers from the nanoparticles can limit the choice of the substrate. Thus, several other sintering techniques (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Robust Design of a Particle-Free Silver-Organo-Complex Ink with High Conductivity and Inkjet Stability for Flexible Electronics

Vaseem

McKerricher

Shamim

2015

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

101

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Currently, silver nanoparticle based inkjet ink is commercially available. This type of ink has several serious problems such as a complex synthesis protocol, high cost, high sintering temperatures (~200 0 C), particle aggregation, nozzle clogging, poor shelf life, and jetting instability. For the emerging field of printed electronics, these short comings in conductive inks are barriers for their wide spread use in practical applications. Formulating particle free silver inks has potential to solve these issues, and requires careful design of the silver complexation.The ink complex must meet various requirements, such as in-situ reduction, optimum viscosity, 2 storage and jetting stability, smooth uniform sintered films, excellent adhesion, and high conductivity. This study presents a robust formulation of silver-organo-complex (SOC) ink, where complexing molecules act as reducing agents. The 17 weight percent silver loaded ink was printed and sintered on a wide range of substrates with uniform surface morphology and excellent adhesion. The jetting stability was monitored for 5 months to confirm that the ink was robust and highly stable with consistent jetting performance. Radio frequency inductors which are highly sensitive to metal quality were demonstrated as a proof of concept on flexible PEN substrate. This is a major step towards producing high quality electronic components with a robust inkjet printing process.

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“…The development of rapid and precise nanopatterning methods that are time‐ and cost‐effective is a key to fundamental nanotechnology research, as well as a number of industrial processes. For high‐resolution nanopatterns a number of techniques are well developed, including electron‐/ion‐beam‐based lithography1, 2, 3 and tip‐based lithography,4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 but they are often too slow for wafer‐scale processes that demand fast processing times. On the other hand, for large‐area nanopatterning, optical/plasmonic lithography,10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 contact printing‐based lithography,16, 17, 18, 19 and template‐assisted lithography20, 21, 22, 23 are promising candidates; however, they require additional expensive and time‐consuming pre‐fabrication processes, such as the preparation of a master template.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Selectable Nanopattern Arrays for Nanolithographic Imprint and Etch‐Mask Applications

et al. 2015

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Omnidirectional Printing of Flexible, Stretchable, and Spanning Silver Microelectrodes

Cited by 1,111 publications

References 25 publications

Stable propagation of mechanical signals in soft media using stored elastic energy

Stable propagation of mechanical signals in soft media using stored elastic energy

Robust Design of a Particle-Free Silver-Organo-Complex Ink with High Conductivity and Inkjet Stability for Flexible Electronics

Selectable Nanopattern Arrays for Nanolithographic Imprint and Etch‐Mask Applications

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