Abstract:Ommatidial heterogeneity in the compound eye of the male small white butterfly, Pieris rapae crucivora Qiu, XD; Vanhoutte, KAJ; Stavenga, Doekele; Arikawa, K; Qiu, Xudong Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown … Show more
“…A rich mixture of differently coloured ommatidia usually marks the ventral area, often with a distinct red component (e, g, j-m). The dark ommatidia in f reflect well in the deep-red (Qiu et al 2002;Stavenga 2002) The common yellow-red eye shine can be understood with a simple model of a butterfly ommatidium, which is based on our present knowledge of the small white, Pieris rapae (Qiu et al 2002), and the Japanese yellow swallowtail, Papilio xuthus (Arikawa and Stavenga 1997;Arikawa et al 1999a). These butterfly species have a tiered rhabdom.…”
Section: Coloured Screening Pigments Can Have a Display Functionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…6a, inset). Taking a rhabdom length of 400 lm (Qiu et al 2002), known visual pigment templates (Stavenga et al 1993), rhodopsins with peak wavelengths 360 nm (UV), 450 nm (B) and 540 nm (G), respectively (Fig. 6a), and a visual pigment extinction coefficient of 0.005 lm -1 (Warrant and Nilsson 1998), the resulting decrease in light flux in the rhabdom can be calculated (Fig.…”
Section: Coloured Screening Pigments Can Have a Display Functionmentioning
Many insect species have darkly coloured eyes, but distinct colours or patterns are frequently featured. A number of exemplary cases of flies and butterflies are discussed to illustrate our present knowledge of the physical basis of eye colours, their functional background, and the implications for insect colour vision. The screening pigments in the pigment cells commonly determine the eye colour. The red screening pigments of fly eyes and the dorsal eye regions of dragonflies allow stray light to photochemically restore photoconverted visual pigments. A similar role is played by yellow pigment granules inside the photoreceptor cells which function as a light-controlling pupil. Most insect eyes contain black screening pigments which prevent stray light to produce background noise in the photoreceptors. The eyes of tabanid flies are marked by strong metallic colours, due to multilayers in the corneal facet lenses. The corneal multilayers in the gold-green eyes of the deer fly Chrysops relictus reduce the lens transmission in the orange-green, thus narrowing the sensitivity spectrum of photoreceptors having a green absorbing rhodopsin. The tapetum in the eyes of butterflies probably enhances the spectral sensitivity of proximal long-wavelength photoreceptors. Pigment granules lining the rhabdom fine-tune the sensitivity spectra.
“…A rich mixture of differently coloured ommatidia usually marks the ventral area, often with a distinct red component (e, g, j-m). The dark ommatidia in f reflect well in the deep-red (Qiu et al 2002;Stavenga 2002) The common yellow-red eye shine can be understood with a simple model of a butterfly ommatidium, which is based on our present knowledge of the small white, Pieris rapae (Qiu et al 2002), and the Japanese yellow swallowtail, Papilio xuthus (Arikawa and Stavenga 1997;Arikawa et al 1999a). These butterfly species have a tiered rhabdom.…”
Section: Coloured Screening Pigments Can Have a Display Functionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…6a, inset). Taking a rhabdom length of 400 lm (Qiu et al 2002), known visual pigment templates (Stavenga et al 1993), rhodopsins with peak wavelengths 360 nm (UV), 450 nm (B) and 540 nm (G), respectively (Fig. 6a), and a visual pigment extinction coefficient of 0.005 lm -1 (Warrant and Nilsson 1998), the resulting decrease in light flux in the rhabdom can be calculated (Fig.…”
Section: Coloured Screening Pigments Can Have a Display Functionmentioning
Many insect species have darkly coloured eyes, but distinct colours or patterns are frequently featured. A number of exemplary cases of flies and butterflies are discussed to illustrate our present knowledge of the physical basis of eye colours, their functional background, and the implications for insect colour vision. The screening pigments in the pigment cells commonly determine the eye colour. The red screening pigments of fly eyes and the dorsal eye regions of dragonflies allow stray light to photochemically restore photoconverted visual pigments. A similar role is played by yellow pigment granules inside the photoreceptor cells which function as a light-controlling pupil. Most insect eyes contain black screening pigments which prevent stray light to produce background noise in the photoreceptors. The eyes of tabanid flies are marked by strong metallic colours, due to multilayers in the corneal facet lenses. The corneal multilayers in the gold-green eyes of the deer fly Chrysops relictus reduce the lens transmission in the orange-green, thus narrowing the sensitivity spectrum of photoreceptors having a green absorbing rhodopsin. The tapetum in the eyes of butterflies probably enhances the spectral sensitivity of proximal long-wavelength photoreceptors. Pigment granules lining the rhabdom fine-tune the sensitivity spectra.
“…The eyes contain a few classes of randomly distributed ommatidia, with often a marked dorso-ventral regionalization (Arikawa and Stavenga 1997;Kitamoto et al 1998). A similar situation exists in the pierid butterfly Pieris rapae (Qiu et al 2002;Wakakuwa et al 2004) and the nymphalid Vanessa cardui (Briscoe et al 2003). Heterogeneity and regionalization seem to be general characteristics of butterfly eyes (Stavenga et al 2001;Warrant et al 2003).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 88%
“…The observed color of the eye shine is attributed to the combined effect of the selective spectral absorption by visual pigments and the interference reflection properties of the tapetum (Miller and Bernard 1968;Stavenga 2002b). An additional spectral effect can result from colored screening pigments, which in several occasions surround the rhabdom (Ribi 1979;Arikawa and Stavenga 1997;Qiu et al 2002). The eye shine is only seen in dark-adapted eyes.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The eye shine is only seen in dark-adapted eyes. Illumination rapidly extinguishes the eye shine, because pupillary pigments inside the photoreceptor cells migrate towards the rhabdom upon light adaptation and thus effectively reduce the propagating light flux (Stavenga et al 1977;Qiu et al 2002).…”
Visual pigment spectra of the comma butterfly, Polygonia c-album, derived from in vivo epiillumination nation microspectrophotometry Vanhoutte, KJA; Stavenga, DG Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Abstract The visual pigments in the compound eye of the comma butterfly, Polygonia c-album, were investigated in a specially designed epi-illumination microspectrophotometer. Absorption changes due to photochemical conversions of the visual pigments, or due to lightindependent visual pigment decay and regeneration, were studied by measuring the eye shine, i.e., the light reflected from the tapetum located in each ommatidium proximal to the visual pigment-bearing rhabdom. The obtained absorbance difference spectra demonstrated the dominant presence of a green visual pigment. The rhodopsin and its metarhodopsin have absorption peak wavelengths at 532 nm and 492 nm, respectively. The metarhodopsin is removed from the rhabdom with a time constant of 15 min and the rhodopsin is regenerated with a time constant of 59 min (room temperature). A UV rhodopsin with metarhodopsin absorbing maximally at 467 nm was revealed, and evidence for a blue rhodopsin was obtained indirectly.
Surveys of spectral sensitivities, visual pigment spectra, and opsin gene sequences have indicated that all butterfly eyes contain ultraviolet-, blue-, and green-sensitive rhodopsins. Some species also contain a fourth or fifth type, related in amino acid sequence to green-sensitive insect rhodopsins, but red shifted in absorbance. By combining electron microscopy, epi-microspectrophotometry, and polymerase chain reaction cloning, we found that the compound eye of Vanessa cardui has the typical ultrastructural features of the butterfly retina but contains only the three common insect rhodopsins. We estimated lambda-max values and relative densities of the rhodopsins in the Vanessa retina (0.72, P530; 0.12, P470; and 0.15, P360) from microspectrophotometric measurements and calculations based on a computational model of reflectance spectra. We isolated three opsin-encoding cDNA fragments that were identified with P530, P470, and P360 by homology to the well-characterized insect rhodopsin families. The retinal mosaic was mapped by opsin mRNA in situ hybridization and found to contain three kinds of ommatidia with respect to their patterns of short wavelength rhodopsin expression. In some ommatidia, P360 or P470 was expressed in R1 and R2 opposed receptor cells; in others, one cell expressed P360, whereas its complement expressed P470. P530 was expressed in the other seven cells of all ommatidia. P470-expressing cells were abundant in the ventral retina but nearly absent dorsally. Our results indicated that there are major differences between the color vision systems of nymphalid and papilionid butterflies: the nymphalid Vanessa has a simpler, trichromatic, system than do the tetrachromatic papilionids that have been studied.
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