“…5 To be relevant for clinical use, biomarkers Translation from bench to bedside, especially for molecular biomarkers for COPD, first requires clinicians to understand the biomarker discovery process, which is increasingly more complex with '-omics' technologies. 6 Then, clinicians would need to adopt the use of biomarkers in day-to-day clinical practice, once they are convinced that evidence shows testing would improve patient outcomes. Clinicians are typically time-poor, so it is challenging for them to adopt additional practices, especially when they have to invest time and cognitive effort during the 'learning curve' phase of adoption.…”