Omics and Exercise: Global Approaches for Mapping Exercise Biological Networks

Abstract

The application of global "-omics" technologies to exercise has introduced new opportunities to map the complexity and interconnectedness of biological networks underlying the tissue-specific responses and systemic health benefits of exercise. This review will introduce major research tracks and recent advancements in this emerging field, as well as critical gaps in understanding the orchestration of molecular exercise dynamics that will benefit from unbiased omics investigations. Furthermore, significant research hurdles that need to be overcome to effectively fill these gaps related to data collection, computation, interpretation, and integration across omics applications will be discussed. Collectively, a cross-disciplinary physiological and omics-based systems approach will lead to discovery of a wealth of novel exercise-regulated targets for future mechanistic validation. This frontier in exercise biology will aid the development of personalized therapeutic strategies to improve athletic performance and human health through precision exercise medicine.T he dynamic human physiological responses to exercise have been widely studied in the context of metabolism and mechanical stress. Health benefits of exercise in prevention, delay, and/or treatment of pathophysiology associated with metabolic disorders and aging are widely appreciated. However, the intricacies of molecular networks and biological mechanisms underlying how humans adapt to exercise and acquire health benefits are not fully understood. In response to perturbations in whole-body homeostasis induced by physical activity and exercise, biological networks are stimulated in various cell types and organs to manage systemic metabolic and mechanical demands (Hawley et al. 2014). Targeted, reductionist-based approaches have laid the foundation for our understanding of distinct biological mechanisms regulating acute versus repeated exercise adaptations using a range of experimental models from cells to animals and humans. However, the complexity and integrated nature of the whole-body exercise response warrants global unbiased systems approaches to unravel the interwoven networks underlying the benefits of exercise in health and disease.In this early stage of the exercise and omics revolution, there is a wealth of molecular information now within reach to help build on our understanding of human metabolism and exercise physiology. There is tremendous potential for omics approaches to fill critical gaps in our

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