Omicron Reactive Multi Protein Specific CD4 T Cells Defines Cellular Immune Response Induced by Inactivated Virus Vaccines

Lim, Joey Ming Er; Hang, Shou Kit; Hariharaputran, Smrithi; Chia, Adeline; Tan, Natalie Woon Hui; Lee, Eng Sing; Chng, Edwin; Lim, Poh Lian; Young, Barnaby Edward; Lye, David Chien; Bert, Nina Le; Bertoletti, Antonio; Tan, Anthony T.

doi:10.2139/ssrn.4126595

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…It is commonly recognized that inactivated viral vaccines barely provoke cellular immune responses because the aluminum adjuvants generally used in inactivated vaccines hardly promote antigens to penetrate the host cell, and the subsequent presentation of epitopes on major histocompatibility complex Class I is limited 40 . However, SARS‐CoV‐2 reactive CD4 + and CD8 + T cells were detected in individuals receiving inactivated vaccines, 29,41 and we observed vaccine‐induced spike‐specific IFN‐γ production in CD4 + and CD8 + T cells after clonal expansion. In the clonal expansion assay, peptide pools are used to stimulate specific T cells, IL‐7 is used to stimulate memory T cell proliferation, and IL‐2 is used to optimize the expansion of T cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Pre‐existing immunity to SARS‐CoV‐2 associates with strong T cell responses induced by inactivated COVID‐19 vaccines

Wang

et al. 2023

Journal of Medical Virology

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Individuals with a recent common cold coronavirus infection, which leads to preexisting immunity against SARS-CoV-2, displayed a less severe course of COVID-19.However, the relationship between pre-existing immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and the inactivated-vaccine-induced immune response is still unknown. Here, 31 healthcare workers who received standard two doses of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines (Weeks 0 and 4, respectively) were enrolled, vaccine-induced neutralization and T cell responses were detected, and the correlation between the pre-existing SARS-CoV-2-specific immunity was analyzed. We found the SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, pseudovirus neutralization test (pVNT) titers, and spike-specific interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production in CD4 + and CD8 + T cells were significantly elevated after two doses of inactivated vaccines. Interestingly, the pVNT titers after the second dose of vaccination displayed no significant correlation with the preexisting SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies or B cells, nor the pre-existing spikespecific CD4 + T cells. Notably, the spike-specific T cell response after the second dose of vaccination was positively correlated with the pre-existing receptor binding domain (RBD)-specific B cells and CD4 + T cells, which were documented by the frequencies of RBD-binding B cells, the breadth of RBD-specific B cell epitopes, and the frequency of IFN-γ-expressing RBD-specific CD4 + T cells. Overall, the inactivated-vaccine-induced T cell responses, not the inactivated-vaccine-induced neutralization, closely correlated with pre-existing immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Our results provide a better understanding of inactivated-vaccine-induced immunity and help predict the immunogenicity induced by inactivated vaccines in individuals.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Pre‐existing immunity to SARS‐CoV‐2 associates with strong T cell responses induced by inactivated COVID‐19 vaccines

Wang

et al. 2023

Journal of Medical Virology

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“…Administering an additional dose of the inactivated CoronaVac vaccine as a booster has demonstrated a favorable impact on T-cell responses. Individuals who received the initial inactivated vaccine followed by an mRNA-based booster have also exhibited an enhancement in their T-cell responses ( Lim et al., 2022 ). Pozzetto et al.…”

Section: T-cell Immunity Pertaining To the Immune Protection Against ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

An updated review of epidemiological characteristics, immune escape, and therapeutic advances of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron XBB.1.5 and other mutants

Liu,

Li,

Pei

et al. 2023

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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The rapid evolution of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to the emergence of new variants with different genetic profiles, with important implications for public health. The continued emergence of new variants with unique genetic features and potential changes in biological properties poses significant challenges to public health strategies, vaccine development, and therapeutic interventions. Omicron variants have attracted particular attention due to their rapid spread and numerous mutations in key viral proteins. This review aims to provide an updated and comprehensive assessment of the epidemiological characteristics, immune escape potential, and therapeutic advances of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron XBB.1.5 variant, as well as other variants.

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T Cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2

Sette

Sidney

Crotty

2023

Annu. Rev. Immunol.

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A large body of evidence generated in the last two and a half years addresses the roles of T cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection and following vaccination. Infection or vaccination induces multi-epitope CD4 and CD8 T cell responses with polyfunctionality. Early T cell responses have been associated with mild COVID-19 outcomes. In concert with animal model data, these results suggest that while antibody responses are key to prevent infection, T cell responses may also play valuable roles in reducing disease severity and controlling infection. T cell memory after vaccination is sustained for at least six months. While neutralizing antibody responses are impacted by SARS-CoV-2 variants, most CD4 and CD8 T cell responses are preserved. This review highlights the extensive progress made, and the data and knowledge gaps that remain, in our understanding of T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 vaccines. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Immunology, Volume 41 is April 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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Omicron Reactive Multi Protein Specific CD4 T Cells Defines Cellular Immune Response Induced by Inactivated Virus Vaccines

Cited by 3 publications

References 37 publications

Pre‐existing immunity to SARS‐CoV‐2 associates with strong T cell responses induced by inactivated COVID‐19 vaccines

Pre‐existing immunity to SARS‐CoV‐2 associates with strong T cell responses induced by inactivated COVID‐19 vaccines

An updated review of epidemiological characteristics, immune escape, and therapeutic advances of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron XBB.1.5 and other mutants

T Cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2

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