Omental Milky Spots in Peritoneal Pathophysiology (Spots before your Eyes)

Beelen, Robert H.J.; Oosterling, Steven J.; Egmond, Marjolein van; Born, Jacob van den; Zareie, Mohammad

doi:10.1177/089686080502500107

Cited by 18 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(31 reference statements)

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“…Fat-associated lymphoid clusters (FALCs) are TLO-like structures that develop within adipose tissues, including the mesentery, pericardial fat, and milky spots of the omentum ( 3 ). Interestingly, milky spots of the omentum increase in number and size during peritoneal dialysis ( 83 , 84 ). During treatment, catheter insertion, exposure to peritoneal dialysis solution and particularly peritonitis associated with infection results in the expansion and alteration of the cellular composition of milky spots.…”

Section: Innate Immune Cells Associated With the Development Of Tlosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding Immune Cells in Tertiary Lymphoid Organ Development: It Is All Starting to Come Together

2016

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Tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) are frequently observed in tissues affected by non-resolving inflammation as a result of infection, autoimmunity, cancer, and allograft rejection. These highly ordered structures resemble the cellular composition of lymphoid follicles typically associated with the spleen and lymph node compartments. Although TLOs within tissues show varying degrees of organization, they frequently display evidence of segregated T and B cell zones, follicular dendritic cell networks, a supporting stromal reticulum, and high endothelial venules. In this respect, they mimic the activities of germinal centers and contribute to the local control of adaptive immune responses. Studies in various disease settings have described how these structures contribute to either beneficial or deleterious outcomes. While the development and architectural organization of TLOs within inflamed tissues requires homeostatic chemokines, lymphoid and inflammatory cytokines, and adhesion molecules, our understanding of the cells responsible for triggering these events is still evolving. Over the past 10–15 years, novel immune cell subsets have been discovered that have more recently been implicated in the control of TLO development and function. In this review, we will discuss the contribution of these cell types and consider the potential to develop new therapeutic strategies that target TLOs.

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Section: Innate Immune Cells Associated With the Development Of Tlosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding Immune Cells in Tertiary Lymphoid Organ Development: It Is All Starting to Come Together

2016

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“…Similarly, the milky spots of the omentum acquire antigens and cells exclusively from the peritoneal cavity and appear to be a major site through which the peritoneal fluid is collected. 19 Milky spots are dominated by large central clusters of B cells, but as they seem to lack follicular DC (FDC) networks in the B-cell area, 18 they do not have B-cell follicles per se. In contrast, the T-cell zone in milky spots is somewhat limited and seems to surround the B-cell areas.…”

Section: Structure Of Mucosal Lymphoid Tissuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…58 Even sterile peritoneal dialysis leads to increases in the number and size of the milky spots. 19 Similarly, the FALCs are stimulated upon infection with N. brasiliensis, which leads to ILC2 activation, IL-5 and IL-13 expression, and parasite expulsion. 17 Thus, the fatassociated lymphoid tissues in the peritoneal cavity are highly sensitive to both steady-state and inflammatory conditions in the intestinal lumen.…”

Section: Role Of Microbiota Infection and Inflammation In Mucosal Lmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If pathogens, commensals, or even microbial products escape from the gastrointestinal tract into the peritoneal cavity owing to intestinal trauma or inflammation, they will be collected by the milky spots of the omentum or the FALCs. 17,19 These lymphoid clusters are open to the peritoneal cavity via fenestrations in the overlaying mesothelium. 113 Peritoneal fluid is continually flowing from the peritoneal cavity through the milky spots and FALCs, 19 which capture cell-free antigens and particles, as well as a wide variety of cell types that may be in the peritoneal cavity.…”

Section: Antigen Acquisition In Mucosal Lymphoid Tissuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…17,19 These lymphoid clusters are open to the peritoneal cavity via fenestrations in the overlaying mesothelium. 113 Peritoneal fluid is continually flowing from the peritoneal cavity through the milky spots and FALCs, 19 which capture cell-free antigens and particles, as well as a wide variety of cell types that may be in the peritoneal cavity. For example, upon activation, peritoneal macrophages rapidly migrate to the milky spots and carry with them any organisms or antigens they have engulfed.…”

Section: Antigen Acquisition In Mucosal Lymphoid Tissuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The development and function of mucosal lymphoid tissues: a balancing act with micro-organisms

Randall

Mebius

2014

Mucosal Immunology

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Mucosal surfaces are constantly exposed to environmental antigens, colonized by commensal organisms and used by pathogens as points of entry. As a result, the immune system has devoted the bulk of its resources to mucosal sites to maintain symbiosis with commensal organisms, prevent pathogen entry, and avoid unnecessary inflammatory responses to innocuous antigens. These functions are facilitated by a variety of mucosal lymphoid organs that develop during embryogenesis in the absence of microbial stimulation as well as ectopic lymphoid tissues that develop in adults following microbial exposure or inflammation. Each of these lymphoid organs samples antigens from different mucosal sites and contributes to immune homeostasis, commensal containment, and immunity to pathogens. Here we discuss the mechanisms, mostly based on mouse studies, that control the development of mucosal lymphoid organs and how the various lymphoid tissues cooperate to maintain the integrity of the mucosal barrier.

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Immune Niche Within the Peritoneal Cavity

Okabe

2021

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

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Omental Milky Spots in Peritoneal Pathophysiology (Spots before your Eyes)

Cited by 18 publications

References 24 publications

Understanding Immune Cells in Tertiary Lymphoid Organ Development: It Is All Starting to Come Together

Understanding Immune Cells in Tertiary Lymphoid Organ Development: It Is All Starting to Come Together

The development and function of mucosal lymphoid tissues: a balancing act with micro-organisms

Immune Niche Within the Peritoneal Cavity

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