Omega-3 supplementation in young offenders: a randomized, stratified, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial

Raine, Adrian; Leung, Chi-Ching; Singh, Melvinder; Kaur, Jasmin

doi:10.1007/s11292-019-09394-x

Cited by 17 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…A similar outcome was reported in a study of 221 prisoners in the Netherlands, who were given multivitamins and 800 mg of n-3 LCPUFA per day, with a 34% reduction in IRM but no differences in the psychometric measures of aggression [11]. More recently, Raine et al reported that n-3 LCPUFA supplementation of 840 mg per day led to a decrease in aggression, particularly reactive and impulsive aggression, in a population of young male offenders [12].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 70%

The Effect of Dietary Supplementation on Aggressive Behaviour in Australian Adult Male Prisoners: A Feasibility and Pilot Study for a Randomised, Double Blind Placebo Controlled Trial

Cortie

Byrne

Collier³

et al. 2020

Nutrients

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This study aimed to assess the feasibility of conducting a nutrition trial in adult male prisoners. Adult male prisoners were recruited for a 16-week randomised control trial comparing the effect of ingestion of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) and multivitamin supplements versus placebo on aggressive behaviour. The baseline and post-intervention assessments from the participant blood samples were the erythrocyte n-3 LCPUFA levels as well as measures of aggressive behaviour determined through institutional records of misconduct (IRM), the Inmate Behaviour Observation Scale (IBOS), and questionnaires. A total of 136 adult male prisoners consented to the study with a retention rate of 60%, and 93% of blood samples were successfully collected. The IRM and IBOS scores were collected for 100% of participants, whilst 82–97% of participants completed the questionnaires. From the baseline data, the Odds Ratio shows that prisoners are 4.3 times more likely to have an IBOS >2 if they are below the 6% cut off on the omega-3 index. Both groups improved across all outcome measures and, at the current sample size, no significant differences were seen between them. A power calculation suggests a total sample size of 600 participants is required to detect the effects of this dietary supplementation, and that this supplementation study is feasible in a Correctional Centre. Important criteria for the exclusion and consideration of logistics and compliance are presented.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 70%

The Effect of Dietary Supplementation on Aggressive Behaviour in Australian Adult Male Prisoners: A Feasibility and Pilot Study for a Randomised, Double Blind Placebo Controlled Trial

Cortie

Byrne

Collier³

et al. 2020

Nutrients

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“…(2014). This reflects the evidence that ‘omega‐3 supplementation can help reduce antisocial and aggressive behaviour over and above regular treatment programmes in young offender institutions’ (Raine et al., 2020).…”

Section: The Matrix In 2022: How Has Evidence Changed?mentioning

confidence: 67%

“…Updated from Sutton et al (2004) behaviour problems now has a growing evidence base, for example, Raine et al (2014). This reflects the evidence that 'omega-3 supplementation can help reduce antisocial and aggressive behaviour over and above regular treatment programmes in young offender institutions' (Raine et al, 2020).…”

Section: The Matrix In 2022: How Has Evidence Changed?mentioning

confidence: 96%

Adverse childhood experiences are important but not the only risk to child development: Revisiting a full risk/resilience matrix

Sutton

2022

Criminal Behav Ment Health

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Some childhood attributes and experiences are associated with adolescent and/or adult health disorders and/or behavioural difficulties, whilst others optimise development and may even protect children against the impact of the adverse. How can such complexity be understood? Has newer evidence changed understanding of such interactions over time? Has growing emphasis on 'adverse childhood experiences' (ACEs), referring to events or social environmental problems in childhood, begun to over-dominate the picture?The Isle of Wight studies, started in the 1960s (Rutter et al., 1975), were among the earliest to establish risk factors among young children for subsequent difficulties. Growing into a series of prospective, longitudinal, epidemiological studies they found that specific 'indicators of adversity' (low social class, severe marital discord, large family size, paternal criminality, maternal mental disorder and placement in out-of-home care) served as early predictors of later difficulties. Since then there have been repeated investigations of the risk factors for poor health (e.g., Asmundson & Afifi, 2019) and offending (e.g., Farrington, 2014) and also on protective factors (see Rennie & Dolan, 2010).

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“…Besides observational research, there are several studies that show the effects of specific dietary interventions, especially those that include fatty acids, on the reduction of aggressive behavior (Bègue et al, 2018;Gesch et al, 2002;Raine et al, 2015Raine et al, , 2016Raine et al, , 2020Zaalberg et al, 2010). For example, in a randomized controlled trial, Zaalberg et al (2010) administered nutritional supplements, including vitamins, minerals, and fatty acids, to a treatment group of 115 young adult prisoners.…”

Section: Nutrition and Antisocial Behavior: What Is The Mechanism?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary interventions, the gut microbiome, and aggressive behavior: Review of research evidence and potential next steps

Tcherni-Buzzeo

2022

Aggressive Behavior

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Research in biosocial criminology and other related disciplines has established links between nutrition and aggressive behavior. In addition to observational studies, randomized trials of nutritional supplements like vitamins, omega‐3 fatty acids, and folic acid provide evidence of the dietary impact on aggression. However, the exact mechanism of the diet‐aggression link is not well understood. The current article proposes that the gut microbiome plays an important role in the process, with the microbiota–gut–brain axis serving as such a mediating mechanism between diet and behavior. Based on animal and human studies, this review synthesizes a wide array of research across several academic fields: from the effects of dietary interventions on aggression, to the results of microbiota transplantation on socioemotional and behavioral outcomes, to the connections between early adversity, stress, microbiome, and aggression. Possibilities for integrating the microbiotic perspective with the more traditional, sociologically oriented theories in criminology are discussed, using social disorganization and self‐control theories as examples. To extend the existing lines of research further, the article considers harnessing the experimental potential of noninvasive and low‐cost dietary interventions to help establish the causal impact of the gut microbiome on aggressive behavior, while adhering to the high ethical standards and modern research requirements. Implications of this research for criminal justice policy and practice are essential: not only can it help determine whether the improved gut microbiome functioning moderates aggressive and violent behavior but also provide ways to prevent and reduce such behavior, alone or in combination with other crime prevention programs.

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Omega-3 supplementation in young offenders: a randomized, stratified, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial

Cited by 17 publications

References 37 publications

The Effect of Dietary Supplementation on Aggressive Behaviour in Australian Adult Male Prisoners: A Feasibility and Pilot Study for a Randomised, Double Blind Placebo Controlled Trial

The Effect of Dietary Supplementation on Aggressive Behaviour in Australian Adult Male Prisoners: A Feasibility and Pilot Study for a Randomised, Double Blind Placebo Controlled Trial

Adverse childhood experiences are important but not the only risk to child development: Revisiting a full risk/resilience matrix

Dietary interventions, the gut microbiome, and aggressive behavior: Review of research evidence and potential next steps

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