Olive groves around the lake. A ten-thousand-year history of a Cretan landscape (Greece) reveals the dominant role of humans in making this Mediterranean ecosystem

Jouffroy‐Bapicot, Isabelle; Pedrotta, Tiziana; Debret, Maxime; Field, Sophie; Sulpizio, Roberto; Zanchetta, Giovanni; Sabatier, Pierre; Roberts, Neil; Tinner, Willy; Walsh, Kevin; Vannière, Boris

doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107072

Cited by 13 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 139 publications

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“…A major, century‐long period of flooding centred on c . 800 ce is also recorded at Lake Kournas, north‐western Crete (Figure 12E; Jouffroy‐Bapicot et al, 2021).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…In Figure 12, proxy records for temperature (O'Brien et al, 1995), rainfall/wet phases (Jones et al, 2006;Jouffroy-Bapicot et al, 2016), flooding (Jouffroy-Bapicot et al, 2021), and the inten- In the centuries immediately prior to 365 CE, many rivers in southwestern and south central Crete, including those whose outlets were uplifted by the earthquake (e.g., Stomiou and Heroktena) and those that lay outside of the affected area (e.g., Anapodaris), were experiencing aggradation during a multi-centennial period of warm, dry climate, and a positive phase of the NAO (Figure 12). The 365 CE tectonic event occurred during a regional drought that affected Crete and much of the eastern Mediterranean (Jones et al, 2006;Jouffroy-Bapicot et al, 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By contrast, various regional and local proxy records reveal marked hydroclimatic fluctuations over the same timeframe. In Figure 12, proxy records for temperature (O'Brien et al, 1995), rainfall/wet phases (Jones et al, 2006; Jouffroy‐Bapicot et al, 2016), flooding (Jouffroy‐Bapicot et al, 2021), and the intensity and location of the North Atlantic jet stream and storm tracks (NAO; Baker et al, 2015) are used to explore the relationship between hydroclimatic fluctuations and river dynamics, most particularly following the 365 ce earthquake. For the lower Rapanas, Stomiou and Heroktena rivers (this study), and the Anapodaris River (Macklin et al, 2010), Figure 12(F) illustrates aggradation and incision phases for the period leading up to the 365 ce earthquake and for the ~1650 years after the uplift event.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Comparison between palaeoenvironmental proxy records and river dynamics in the Rapanas, Stomiou, Heroktena and Anapodaris study reaches: (A) Gaussian smoothed (200 year) GISP2 potassium ion (K + ; ppb) proxy for the Siberian High (O'Brien et al, 1995); (B) lake oxygen isotope (δ 18 O) records from Nar Gölü (Lake Nar), Turkey, showing changes in precipitation: evaporation ratios (Jones et al, 2006; Jouffroy‐Bapicot et al, 2016); (C) wetter climate phases inferred from sediment loss‐on‐ignition (LOI) analysis and accumulation rates for Asi Gonia peat bog, White Mountains, western Crete (Jouffroy‐Bapicot et al, 2016); (D) smoothed (10 year) variability in NAO derived from a composite annual‐resolution stalagmite record (Baker et al, 2015); (E) flood frequency curve for Lake Kournas, north‐western Crete (Jouffroy‐Bapicot et al, 2021); (F) OSL‐ and dendrochronology‐constrained aggradation and incision phases. For clarity, the 2080 bce ± 190 age (Irin8) for the Heroktena study reach is not shown (see Table 3), nor the older Holocene ages for samples from the Anapodaris River (see Macklin et al, 2010) but these provide maximum limiting ages for the first phase of aggradation; given the absence of older dated terrace units, similar constraints do not exist for the Rapanas and Stomiou study reaches.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Well dated palaeoecological records from Asi Gonia peat bog, located at the eastern edge of the White Mountains (Lefka Ori) in western Crete, show that wetter conditions continued until c. 950 CE (Figure12C;Jouffroy-Bapicot et al, 2016). A major, century-long period of flooding centred on c. 800 CE is also recorded at Lake Kournas, north-western Crete (Figure12E;Jouffroy-Bapicot et al, 2021).Following the 365 CE earthquake, incision in the Rapanas ($4.4 m), Stomiou ($4 m) and Heroktena ($4.6 m) rivers only occurred many hundreds of years later, coinciding with wetter, cooler conditions and the negative phase of the NAO. Significantly, the Anapodaris Riverunaffected by the 365 CE uplift eventdid not experience valley floor incision at this time.…”

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confidence: 97%

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How have Cretan rivers responded to late Holocene uplift? A multi‐millennial, multi‐catchment field experiment to evaluate the applicability of Schumm and Parker's (1973) complex response model

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‘Complex response’ (Schumm, 1973, Geomorphic thresholds and complex response of drainage systems. In Morisawa, M. (ed.), Fluvial Geomorphology. Binghamton: New York State University Publications: 299‐310) describes situations in which a single event triggers a series of progressively damped morphological and sedimentary adjustments within a catchment. Schumm and Parker's (1973, Implications of complex response of drainage systems for Quaternary alluvial stratigraphy. Nature 243: 99–100) classic stream table experiment of drainage system development showed that one baselevel fall event could result in formation of two sets of paired river terraces that need not be related to additional external (e.g., climate) influences. Despite its enduring popularity in fluvial geomorphology, large‐scale and long‐term field evaluations of Schumm and Parker's complex response model are very limited. Here, we report on a multi‐millennial, multi‐catchment field experiment in south‐western Crete where a high‐magnitude earthquake (estimated magnitude 8.3–8.5) on 21 July 365 ce resulted in up to 9 m of instantaneous uplift over a land area exceeding 6000 km2. Geomorphological, sedimentological, and chronological investigations were used to investigate the erosional and depositional histories in three catchments with outlets uplifted by the 365 ce event. These catchments were compared with the Anapodaris catchment in south central Crete where baselevel was not significantly affected by the earthquake. Although all uplifted catchments experienced valley floor incision, this occurred hundreds of years after 365 ce during a period of wetter climate. The number and age of trunk stream incision and aggradation phases are similar in both uplifted and non‐uplifted catchments, indicating that river responses following the 365 ce uplift event have not followed complex response trajectories in the form documented by Schumm and Parker (1973). This finding highlights the need for rigorous evaluation of other catchment or river response concepts, including through the combined use of laboratory experimental results, field data, and geochronology. In an era of rapid environmental change, characterizing and anticipating catchment and river system response increasingly will depend on a healthy interplay between different investigative approaches.

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“…A major, century‐long period of flooding centred on c . 800 ce is also recorded at Lake Kournas, north‐western Crete (Figure 12E; Jouffroy‐Bapicot et al, 2021).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%